• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.905-918
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• 2010

This study explored Korean college students' place attachment to current home environments and their place attachment to childhood home environments. The study sought to confirm the relationship between childhood place attachment and collegehood place attachment to home environment. Data were collected from 336 students at four universities in Jellabuk-Do, Korea, and questionnaire survey was performed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was computed and showed five factors related to place attachment of home environment. Place intimacy, rootedness, place identity, place dependence, and place palyness showed in childhood place attachment to home; place identity, place affection, place restfulness, place dependence, and rootedness in collegehood place attachment to home. Canonical correlation analysis showed that childhood place attachment to home explained 43.9% variance with regard to collegehood place attachment to home. This relationship implied that childhood place attachment strongly affected subsequent collegehood place attachment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.283-291
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to explore the structural relationship between recognition to environmental factor and place attachment of the users of temple forest trail in Gyeongju National Park, and to suggest political implications on conservation management of National Park from the viewpoint of landscape attachment. Survey with a structured questionnaire was implemented to visitors to the Bulkuksa, a representative temple in Geyongju National Park. Structural equation model was developed from the analysis of collected data. Results showed that place dependence positively affected place attachment in significance, whereas place identity did not significantly affect place attachment. Place attachment was affected rather by place dependence(path coefficient=0.55). Place attachment positively affected the recognition of environmental factors in significance. Landscape use factors compared to facility use factors were affected rather by place attachment(path coefficient=1.01). This result verified the importance of landscape factors of National Park, and suggested a management plan focused on the landscape conservation of forest trail of traditional temple.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.2 s.159
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• pp.90-95
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• 2005

Place bonding, defined as the extent to which a person values or identifies with a particular environment, has focused as a research topic recently. This paper investigates the dimensions of place bonding for Worak-san National Park campers to enhance managers' ability to address deeper landscape meanings. Worak-san National Park campers (n=416) were surveyed during summer and fall of 2004 to collect the data. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data demonstrated that place bonding was composed of four dimensions such as place identity, familiarity, place dependence and place belongingness. The results of this study can provide valuation information for developing management actions to enhance park visitors' quality of recreational experiences.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.234-238
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• 2012

Propofol is an anesthetic commonly used to provide sedation or to induce and maintain an anesthetic stated. However, there are reports which indicate propofol may cause psychological dependence or be abused. In the present study, we used various behavioral tests including climbing test, jumping test, conditioned place preference, and self-administration test to assess the dependence potential and abuse liability of propofol compared to a positive control (methamphetamine) or a negative control (saline or intralipid). Among the tests, the conditioned place preference test was conducted with a biased method, and the selfadministration test was performed under a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule, 1 h per session. No difference was found in the climbing test and jumping test, but propofol (30 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the rewarding effect in the conditioned place preference test, and it showed a positive reinforcing effect compared to the vehicle. These results indicate that propofol tends to show psychological dependence rather than physical dependence, and it seems not to be related with dopaminergic system.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 2016

Background: Red ginseng and ginsenosides have shown plethoric effects against various ailments. However, little is known regarding the effect of red ginseng on morphine-induced dependence and tolerance. We therefore investigated the effect of red ginseng extract (RGE) and biotransformed ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K on morphine-induced dependence in mice and rats. Methods: While mice were pretreated with RGE and then morphine was injected intraperitoneally, rats were infused with ginsenosides and morphine intracranially for 7 days. Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal syndrome was estimated and conditioned place preference test was performed for physical and psychological dependence, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure protein expressions. Results: Whereas RGE inhibited the number of naloxone-precipitated jumps and reduced conditioned place preference score, it restored the level of glutathione in mice. Likewise, ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K attenuated morphine-dependent behavioral patterns such as teeth chattering, grooming, wet-dog shake, and escape behavior in rats. Moreover, activated N-methyl-D-aspartate acid receptor subunit 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the frontal cortex of rats, and cultured cortical neurons from mice were downregulated by ginsenosides Rh2, Rg3, and compound K despite their differential effects. Conclusion: RGE and biotransformed ginsenosides could be considered as potential therapeutic agents against morphine-induced dependence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.35-44
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• 2017

This study intends to analyze the structural relationships among the servicescape of theme park, the affective image and the place dependence of visitors, one of the most important factors of place attachment. For this purpose, this study selects Lotte World in Seoul as a study site and conducts a questionnaire survey focused on visitors who visited the site previously. The results of an exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation method show that esthetics and amenity factors among servicescape of theme park affect the attractiveness and comfortableness of the affective image of visitors positively, and two factors of visitors' affective image also affect the their place dependence positively. Tourism planners or landscape designers can consider these useful servicescape elements of theme park as important planning and managing factors in order to improve the images of theme parks and the level of place attachment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.659-664
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• 2017

Although lisdexamfetamine is used as a recreational drug, little research exists regarding its potential for dependence or its precise mechanisms of action. This study aims to evaluate the psychoactivity and dependence profile of lisdexamfetamine using conditioned place preference and self-administration paradigms in rodents. Additionally, biochemical techniques are used to assess alterations in the dopamine levels in striatal synaptosomes following administration of lisdexamfetamine. Lisdexamfetamine increased both conditioned place preference and self-administration. Moreover, after administration of the lisdexamfetamine, dopamine levels in the striatal synaptosomes were significantly increased. Although some modifications should be made to the analytical methods, performing high performance liquid chromatography studies on synaptosomes can aid in predicting dependence liability when studying new psychoactive substances in the future. Collectively, lisdexamfetamine has potential for dependence possible via dopaminergic pathway.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2011

This study examined significant factors explaining college students' place attachment to their childhood homes, developed the scale of that, and proposed statistically significant models to explain their place attachment to those home environments. We conducted a questionnaire survey with 32 items. Responses from 358 Michigan State University students were analyzed statistically. From the explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, 31 items under 4 valid factors named Place dependence, Affection, Rootedness, and Place identity were obtained. This study additionally adapted six types of place attachment to childhood homes from Hess (1997), and examined these types. Idealization (Type1), affection (Type3), and transcendence (Type5) were chosen most often. Finally, this study explored the relationships between housing satisfaction and (1) the four place attachment factors and (2) the six types of place attachment. Results showed the four place attachment factors were more strongly related with housing satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.549-566
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• 2009

This study developed the Place Attachment to Childhood Home Scale and evaluated its validity and reliability. Samples consisted of 418 college students of four universities. Data were collected by questionnaire based on retrospective questions about the childhood home. Factor analysis resulted in 5 dimensions of place attachment : affection, place identity, place rootedness, playfulness, and place dependence. Especially, playfulness was a unique finding. The result of confirmatory factor analysis supported the five-factor structure. There were also significant correlations among sub-factors. The reliability of the scale appeared high (Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ = .948). Criterion-related validity was confirmed by significant correlations of the present scale with Attachment Scale to Place (Hess, 1997) and the Inventory of Parent Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2019

Limonene is a cyclic terpene found in citrus essential oils and inhibits methamphetamine- induced locomotor activity. Drug dependence is a severe neuropsychiatric condition that depends in part on changes in neurotransmission and neuroadaptation, induced by exposure to recreational drugs such as morphine and methamphetamine. In this study, we investigated the effects of limonene on the psychological dependence induced by drug abuse. The development of sensitization, dopamine receptor supersensitivity, and conditioned place preferences in rats was measured following administration of limonene (10 or 20 mg/kg) and methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) for 4 days. Limonene inhibits methamphetamine- induced sensitization to locomotor activity. Expression of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by apomorphine, a dopamine receptor agonist, was significantly reduced in limonenepretreated rats. However, there was no significant difference in methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preferences between the limonene and control groups. These results suggest that limonene may ameliorate drug addiction-related behaviors by regulating postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity.