• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2010

To search the new potent herbicidal agents by receptor-based approach, the interactions between receptor and substrate molecules from molecular docking to acetyl-CoA carboxylase(PDB code: 3K8X) of 2-(4-(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy)phenoxy-N-phenylpropionamide analogues (1-38) as substrate molecules were performed and discussed quantitatively. The most of the substrate molecules were formated 2 H-bonds between carbonyl oxygen atom of the substrate molecules and the amino acid residues (Ala1627 and Ile1735) in binding site of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). But, the substrate molecules such as $R_l$=Acetyl substituents (6 & P9) were formated 3 H-bonds between H-bond acceptors in the substrate molecules and the H-bond donors in three amino acid residues including the rest residue (Gly 1998). Therefore, the inhibitory activity factors of the substrate molecules against ACCase are due to the H-bonding characters that will be able to apply to the optimization of herbicidal agents.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.437-443
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• 2016

In this study Streptomyces strains were isolated from soils and their antifungal activities and involved mechanisms were investigated. Among over 400 isolates of actinomycetes, Streptomyces costaricanus HR391 was selected as a potential antagonist to control several plant-pathogenic fungi. S. costaricanus HR391 inhibited mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani, F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, and Rhizoctonia solani by 26.5, 26.2, 21.2, and 23.8%, respectively compared to those of uninoculated control after 7-day incubation on PDB medium. S. costaricanus HR391 produced $89{\mu}M$ of siderphore, and showed fungal cell wall-degrading activity including $0.46{\mu}mol/min/mg$ of chitinase and $0.83{\mu}mol/min/mg$ of ${\beta}$-1,3 glucanase. S. costaricanus HR391 secreted 87.49 mg/L of rhamnolipid, and produced 9.49 mg/L and 4.3 mM of lipopeptide, iturin A and surfactin, respectively, all they are membrane-disrupting biosurfactants. It also produced antimicrobial peptide and antibiotics phenazine. In addition to antifungal substances, S. costaricanus HR391 secreted plant growth-promoting phytohormones, zeatin, gibberellins and IAA. These results suggest that S. costaricanus HR391 may be utilized as an environment-friendly biocontrol agent against some important pathogenic fungi.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.333-344
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• 2018

Selection of the optimal culture medium and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity against various phytopathogens were performed for four entomopathogenic fungal isolates with excellent insecticidal and antimicrobial activity against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), and gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). The optimal medium was selected by measuring the amount of blastospore production and the antifungal activity of the culture medium. On the basis of these experiments, GY medium was selected for Beauveria bassiana 2R-3-3-1 and Metarhizium anisopliae 4-2, SD3, and PDB medium for B. bassiana SD15. The antimicrobial activity test against other phytopathogens indicated that all four isolates showed high antifungal activities against Colletotrichum acutatum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. However, for Phytophthora capsici and C. fructicola, only M. anisopliae SD3 showed a high antifungal activity against P. capsici, and the other three isolates had little activity. Antibacterial activity against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was high in two isolates of M. anisopliae but not in two isolates of B. bassiana. Thus, it was confirmed that entomopathogenic fungi effective for pest control could be effectively used as a control agent for various plant diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2020

In screening for antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) KCCM 40510 and Bacillus cereus KCTC 3624, NNIBRFG5039 was isolated from the air in Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Based on a high sequence similarity of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, NNIBRFG5039 was determined to be closely related to Penicillium rubefaciens CBS 139145. The optimal media, initial pH, and temperature for mycelial growth and antimicrobial activity of P. rubefaciens NNIBRFG5039 were determined as follows: potato dextrose broth (PDB), pH 6.5, and 30℃, respectively. Under the optimal culture conditions, maximum mycelial growth (12.4 g L^-1) and antibacterial activity (7.5 mm zone of inhibition against MRSA KCCM 40510, and 5.0 mm zone of inhibition against B. cereus KCTC 3624) were observed in a 5 L stirred-tank fermenter. We also isolated the antimicrobial compound from an ethyl acetate fraction, and its chemical structure was identified as (S)-6-hydroxymellein (1) by ESI-MS, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR. Consequently, the extract from P. rubefaciens NNIBRFG5039 may be used in functional materials for antimicrobial-related applications.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.223-233
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• 2020

The aim of the present study was to investigate the suppressive effects of the bio-sulfur used by eco-friendly farms on the outbreak of citrus scab. To evaluate the inhibiting effect of bio-sulfur on citrus scab germ tube growth, the citrus scab pathogen Elsinoe fawcettiiwas cultured in PDB and agar media, and germ tube growth was observed after bio-sulfur treatment. At both 40 and 88 h after inoculation, germ tube formation was inhibited by 500-, 1000-, and 2000-fold diluted bio-sulfur, and at dilutions above 4000-fold, germ tube formation was observed, although growth was still inhibited, when compared to untreated cultures. Meanwhile, the occurrence of citrus scab on spring-flush leaves in the field was 40.3% in the untreated control and 5.3, 10.3, 12.3, 15.3, and 24.0% when treated with imibenconazole, 2-4 and 6-6 lime-Bordeaux mixtures, which are also used by eco-friendly farms, 500-fold diluted bio-sulfur, lime sulfur, and 1000-fold diluted bio-sulfur, respectively. The occurrence of citrus scab on citrus fruit was 79.3% in the untreated control and 4.0, 33.8, 42.0, 43.3, 44.8, and 78.0% when treated with imibenconazole, 2-4 lime-Bordeaux mixture, 6-6 lime-Bordeaux mixture, 500-fold diluted bio-sulfur, lime sulfur, and 1000-fold diluted bio-sulfur, respectively. Because citrus scab can infect citrus leaves as early as May, as the spring flush begins, preventative control should be implemented by mid- to late-April, thereby increase disease control and reducing both labor and farming costs.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.200-204
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• 1997

The effect of water potential ($\psi_W$) and temperature on mycelial growth and sclerotial production of Sclerotium cepivorum was determined in potato dextrose agar(PDA) and potato dextrose broth (PDB) adjusted to different $\psi_W$ with NaCI, KCI, sucrose or polyethylene glycol (PEG) at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$. the growth of mycellium was not significantly af. fected by $\psi_W$ values between -1,970 and -2,240J/Kg, but severely decreased lower than -2,240J/Kg. Dry weight was slightly increased at $\psi_W$values between -450 and -2,240 J/Kg. The reduction of dry weight wasslower than the reduction of mycelial growth as the $\psi_W$ decreased. The mycelial growth and dry weight were more severely influenced on PEG amended media than on other osmotica amended media. About 50% reduction of mycelial growth and dry weight was occurred about -1,000 and -2240 J/Kg, respectively. The production of sclerotion of sclerotial production occurred between -450 and -810 J/Kg. Sclerotium was not produced lower than -2,240 J/Kg. Mycelial growth and sclerotial production was better at $25^{\circ}C$ as the $\psi_W$ decreased than at $20^{\circ}C$ which is optimal temperaturein the undmended media. The influence of $\psi_W$ on mycelial growth and sclerotial production of S. cepivorum adjusted with NaCl, KCI sucrose or polyethylene glycol showed similar patterns.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.121-136
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• 2002

The $CO_2$-rich springs in the Kyungpook Province has been found at 16 locations. Most of the $CO_2$-rich springs outflow along either fault zones or the geologic boundary between Mesozoic granites and their adjacent rocks. The $CO_2$-rich water samples show a high $CO_2$ concentration ( $P_{CO2}0.46 to 5.21 atm), weak acidic pHs, wide electrical conductivity values ranging from 422 to 2,280 $\mu\textrm{S}$/cm, and high re content. They are classified into the ca-HC $O_3$ type in chemical composition.$\delta$$^{18}$ O and $\delta$$^2$H data indicate that $CO_2$-rich water is meteoric origin. The $\delta$$^{13}$ C values (-1.5$\textperthousand$ to -6.1$\textperthousand$ PDB) suggest that dissolved $H_2$C $O_3$$^{0}$ C $O_3$- are mainly derived from a deep-seated $CO_2$ and carbonate minerals. The thermodynamic equilibrium state between $CO_2$-rich water and major minerals, and hydrochemical characteristics indicate that major source minerals determining the chemical composition of $CO_2$-rich water are carbonate minerals, plagioclase, K-feldspar and Fe-oxides. Under high $CO_2$ pressure and the weak acidic condition, most of the $CO_2$-rich water samples are thermodynamically in the dissolution state with respect to albite and carbonate minerals.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 2015

The information about protein structure gives the clues for the function of protein. It is needed for the improvement for the efficacy and fast development of protein drugs. So, the studies visualizing the structure of protein effectively increase. Most studies of visualization focus on the structural prediction for protein or the improvement on the rendering speed. However, studies of information delivery depending on the form of protein visualization are very limited. The major objective of this study is to analyze the information representation goodness-of-fit for the patterns of the hybrid visualization with primary and secondary structures of protein. Those hybrid visualizations included the patterns which updated current representative visualization services, Chimera, PDB and Cn3D. Information factor to analyze information representation goodness-of-fit is assorted by protein primary structure, secondary protein structure, the location of amino acid and ratio information about protein secondary structure, based on the result of subject-analysis. Subject is the group of experts who are involved in protein drug development over 5 years. The result of this study shows the meaningful difference in the information representation goodness-of-fit by the patterns of hybrid visualization and proves the difference in the information by the pattern of visualization.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.21-31
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• 2014

As the protein drug industry is growing, protein informations are indispensable for the protein drug development. NCBI and PDB in the U.S., the EMBL in Europe and the DDBJ in Japan are the representative centers for bio information and each center provides specific data for protein information. To obtain specific protein information, users are to be collect them from the service sites of each center and then combine or analyze for their purpose. To facilitate the accessibility to bio data, various R&D activities are running for development of diverse web services relevant to bio data in major data centers or small-scale projects. With the recognition of protein information as pivotal for the protein drug development, DrugBank in Canada, GDSC in the U.S. start to provide integrated informations between drugs and proteins. However, those service does not meet users' demands due to lack of diversity. In Korea, infra structures for bioinformatics are limited and the current services for protein drug information are providing only basic information of the drug including distribution data. This is a pilot study to construct a specialized service for protein drug information in Korean style breaking through the limitations of current services. This study proposed new fields for protein characterization information which had not been provided by current services and evaluated their effectiveness and usability by comparing them to the existing fields with expert survey. As a result, the newly proposed fields for protein characterization have been proven to be useful data fields for the service of protein drug information.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 2007

The seventy nine isolates of Botrytis spp. were obtained from leaf blight lesions of lily in Korea, Japan and Netherlands. Morphological and cultural characteristics of them were investigated and molecular characteristics of them were determined using sequence analysis of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) and heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) gene. A selection of Botrytis isolates were evaluated for their pathogenicity to lily. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, the Botrytis isolates were divided into two groups, and identified as B. elliptica (n = 54) and B. cinerea (n = 25). Based on analysis of RPB2 and HSP60 sequences, the Botrytis isolates were also divided into two groups and well supported morphological groupings. Spore suspensions of B, elliptica showed significant pathogenicity on lily leaves and flowers, however those of B. cinerea showed pathogenicity only on flowers but not on leaves. The latter showed pathogenicity on lily leaves only when spore suspensions amended with PDB were used as inocula.