• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.534-540
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• 2005

Activity-guided fractionation of the CH$_2Cl_2$-soluble fraction of the roots of Sophora flavescens furnished five 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scaveng ers: trans-hexadecyl ferulic acid (1) cis-octadecyl ferulic acid (2), trans-hexadecyl sinapic acid (3), (-)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(6aR,11aR)-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (4) and desmethylanhydroicaritin (8), along with nine known inactive compounds: (-)-maackiain (5), xanthohumol (6), formononetin (7), (2S)-2'-methoxykurarinone (9), (2S)-3${\beta}$,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(${\gamma},{\gamma}$- imethylallyl )-flavanone (10), (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8- (${\gamma},{\gamma}$-dimethylallyl ) -flavanone (11), umbelliferone (12), kuraridin (13), and trifolirhizin (14). Compounds 1-4 and 8 exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging effects at IC$_{50}$ values of 33.01 ${\pm}$ 0.20, 57.06 ${\pm}$ 0.16, 39.84 ${\pm}$ 0.36, 35.83 ${\pm}$ 0.47, and 18.11 ${\pm}$ 0.04${\mu}$M, respectively. L-Ascorbic acid, when used as a positive control, exhibited an IC$_{50}$ value of 7.39 ${\pm}$ 0.01 ${\mu}$M. Compounds 1-4 and 8 also appeared to exert significant scavenging effects on authentic ONOO-, with IC$_{50}$ values of 5.76 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 15.06 ${\pm}$ 1.64, 8.17 ${\pm}$ 4.97, 1.95 ${\pm}$ 0.29 and 4.06 ${\pm}$ 2.41 ${\mu}$M, respectively. Penicillamine (IC$_{50}$= 2.36 ${\pm}$ 0.79${\mu}$M) was used as a positive control. In addition, compounds 2,4,6,8, and 10 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2007

Objectives : In this study, we determinated protective effects of Vitis labrusca Root herbal-acupuncture solution (VLHA) against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease induced by oxidative damage and cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction. Methods : Antioxidant capacity of VLHA were evaluated by the ${\beta}-carotene/linoleic$ acid emulsion system and FeCl2-ascorbic acid stimulted lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate, respectively. Scavenging effects of VLHA on ONOO- and NO were measured by DHR 123, DAF-2 assay. Furthermore, we measured inhibitory activity of VLHA on CYP 2E1 in rat liver microsome using by Aniline assay. Results : VLHA exhibited potent inhibition rate(74%) on FeCl2-ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation, and revealed a strong scavenging effects on ONOO- and NO. In addition, VLHA showed inhibitory effect on CYP 2E1. Conclusions : The present study concludes that our results suggest that VLHA could be used as a good source in the prevention of atherosclerosis and alcoholic liver injury.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.36-50
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was aimed to verify the cytoprotective function, antioxidative effect and inflammation genes inhibitory effects of Lycium chinense Milie. Therefore the generation of superoxide anion radical ( $O_2\;^-$), peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ $(PGE_2)$ was investigated in the renal epithelial cells of mouse. Effects of Lycium chinense Milie on the expression of inflammation-related proteins, $IKK-{\alpha}$. $p-IKK-\alpha\beta$, $p-I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), COX-2 and iNOS, were examined by western blotting. Methods : For this study, the fluorescent probes were used, namely dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123), 4.5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA). Western blotting was performed using anti-$IKK-\alpha$, anti-phospho $IKK-\alpha\beta$, anti-phospho $I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, anti-$NF-{\kappa}B$ (p50, p65), anti-COX-2 and anti-iNOS, respectively. Results : Lyciutn chinense Milie reduced $H_{2}O_{2}$-induced cell death dose-dependently. It inhibited the generation of $O_2\;^-$, $ONOO^-$, NO and $PGE_2$ in the $H_{2}O_{2}$-treated renal epithelial cells of mouse in vitro. Lycium chinense Milie inhibited the expression of $IKK-\alpha$, $p-IKK-\alpha\beta,\;p-I{\kappa}B-\alpha$, COX-2 and iNOS genes by means of decreasing activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$. Conclusions : According to above results. Lycium chinense Milie recommended to be applied in treatment for the inflammatory process and inflammation-related diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.464-472
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cheonghyul-san on the generation of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion radical ( ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$), and on the expression of NF-${\kappa}$B-dependent proinflammatory proteins in ob/ob mice. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the normal lean (C57BL/6J black mice) and control obese (ob/ob mice) groups have received the standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg Cheonghyul-san per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. For this study, the fluorescent probes, namely 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA), 4,5-diaminofluorescein-2 (DAF-2) and dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR 123) were used. Western blot was performed using anti-IKK-${\alpha}$, anti-phospho I${\kappa}$B-${\alpha}$, anti-NF-${\kappa}$B (p50, p65), anti-COX-2, anti-iNOS, anti-VCAM-1 antibodies, respectively. Cheonghyul-san prevented $H_2O_2$-induced cell death. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ in the $H_2O_2$-treated LLC-$PK_1$ cells. The generation of $ONOO^-$, NO and ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ were inhibited in the Cheonghyul-san-administered ob/ob mice groups. The GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas the ratio was improved in the Cheonghyul-san-administered groups. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the protein expression levels of phospho-I${\kappa}$B-${\alpha}$, IKK-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}$B (p50, p65), COX-2, iNOS and VCAM-1 genes. These results suggest that Cheonghyul-san is an effective scavenger of $ONOO^-$, ${\cdot}\;O_2^-$ and NO, and has an inhibitory effect on the expression of NF-${\kappa}$B-dependent inflammatory genes in ob/ob mice. Therefore, Cheonghyul-san might be used as a potential therapeutic drug against the diabetes- and obesity-related proinflammatory diseases.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.1433-1438
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• 2010

본 연구는 해양생물 중 페기되어지인 군소내장을 추출하고 각 용매별로 분획하여 항산화 효과 및 항균활성을 측정하였다. DPPH free radical 소거활성을 측정하여 항산화 활성효과를 알아 본 결과 AKMB층이 $286.66\;{\mu}g/mL$에서 50%의 DPPH free radical의 소거활성을 보여 가장 높은 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. ROS 제거활성 측정 결과에서도 AKMB층이 가장 높은 항산화 효과를 나타내었으며 $54.73\;{\mu}g/mL$에서 50%의 ROS 제거 활성을 나타내었고, $ONOO^-$ 제거활성 역시 AKMB층이 가장 높게 나타났으며, $65.64\;{\mu}g/mL$에서 50%의 $ONOO^-$ 제거활성을 나타냈다. 또한 paper disc method를 이용한 항균효과 실험결과, Proteus vulgaris의 경우는 AKMH층과 AKMM층의 두층에서 높은 항균활성을 나타내었고, 그 외 사용한 모든 균주에서는 AKMM층에서 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 항산화효과는 군소내장의 부탄올 분획층인 AKMB층에서 가장 높았으며, 항균효과는 주로 메탄올 분획층인 AKMM층에서 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 군소내장의 AKMB층과 AKMM층에서 항산화 활성과 항균력을 나타내는 효과적인 생리활성물질이 함유되어 있을 것으로 사료되어지며, 앞으로 더욱 심도 있는 연구를 통하여 이러한 물질들의 분리를 위한 연구가 더 필요한 것으로 판단되며 이러한 활성성분을 이용한 식품 저장성과 안전성 향상을 위한 항산화제, 식품첨가제 및 천연 식품 보존제 등의 개발 가능성이 기대되어진다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.275-282
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• 2015

Dried samples of Ligustrum japonicum were extracted twice: with methylene chloride and with methanol (MeOH), respectively. The combined crude extracts were successively fractionated into n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq.MeOH), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and water fractions by liquid-liquid partition. Antioxidant activities of crude extract and its solvent fractions were evaluated by measuring authentic $ONOO^-$, and $ONOO^-$ generated from 3-morpholinsydnonimine (SIN-1) as well as degree of occurrence of intracellular ROS in HT 1080 cells, and genomic DNA oxidation. The 85% aq.MeOH and n-BuOH fractions exhibited the good antioxidant activity. Further purification of the 85% aq.MeOH fracition led to the isolation of Oleanolic acid (1), Maslinic acid (2), and Ursolic acid (3). All compounds showed the significant antioxidant effects in all assay systems.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.243-247
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• 2017

To find the anti-Alzheimer's activity of Cacalia hastata var. orientalis (Compositae), caffeoylquinic acids were analyzed in this plant by HPLC and the inhibitory activities of the extract on cholinesterases including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterse (BChE) and peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) were assayed. Sum of caffeoylquinic acids in the 80% MeOH extract was quantitatively higher in leaves (35.8% of the extract) than in stems (3.7%). The compound, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, was contained in the highest amount in the leaf (44.32 mg/g dry weight). The $IC_{50}s$ of the 80% MeOH extract were shown to be $67.45{\mu}g/ml$ for AChE, and $8.59{\mu}g/ml$ (for $ONOO^-$), respectively, suggesting that the leaves would have the anti-Alzheimer's activity due to the high content of caffeoylquinic acids.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.212-216
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• 2004

Peroxynitrite formation in vivo is implicated in numerous human diseases and there is considerable interest in the use of antioxidants and natural products for their treatment. The three components (1-3) isolated from Sargassum thunbergii as well as the organic solvent-soluble fractions and the aqueous layer of S. thunbergii were evaluated for their potential to scavenge authentic ONOO$\^$-/ and ONOO$\^$-/ derived from 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1). The antioxidant activity of the individual fractions was in the order of 85% aqueous (aq.) MeOH＞n$\^$-/ BuOH＞n-hexane＞H$_2$O. The three known compounds, sargahydroquinoic acid (1), sargaquinoic acid (2) and sargachromenol (3) showed peroxynitrite-scavenging activities comparable to those of L-ascorbic acid and penicillamine. These results showed a possible antioxidant activity in major constituents of S. thunbergii.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.288-294
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this work was to investigate the beneficial effects of rhamnazin against inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and anti-oxidative activity in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Methods: To examine the beneficial properties of rhamnazin on inflammation, ROS/ RNS, and anti-oxidative activity in the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cell model, several key markers, including COX and 5-LO activities, $NO^{\cdot}$, $ONOO^-$, total reactive species formation, lipid peroxidation, $^{\cdot}O_2$ levels, and catalase activity were estimated. Results: Results show that rhamnazin was protective against LPS-induced cytotoxicity in macrophage cells. The underlying action of rhamnazin might be through modulation of ROS/RNS and anti-oxidative activity through regulation of total reactive species production, lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, and $^{\cdot}O_2$, $NO^{\cdot}$, and $ONOO^{\cdot}$ levels. In addition, rhamnazin down-regulated the activities of pro-inflammatory COX and 5-LO. Conclusion: The plausible action by which rhamnazin renders its protective effects in macrophage cells is likely due to its capability to regulate LPS-induced inflammation, ROS/ RNS, and anti-oxidative activity.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.274-279
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• 2018

한국산 및 중국산 비자의 기능성을 평가하고자 $H_2O$와 MeOH의 추출물을 사용하여 총 페놀성 화합물, 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성 및 $ONOO^-$ 소거 활성 측정을 통해 항산화 활성 효과를 비교하였으며 GC-MS를 이용하여 유효성분을 동정하였고 그 함량을 분석하였다. 한국산과 중국산 비자의 총페놀성 화합물 함량 비교에서는 한국의 전남산 비자 $H_2O$ 추출물이 제주산, 중국산 비자 $H_2O$ 추출물보다 2배 이상 높게 나와 함량이 가장 높았으며 MeOH 추출물에서는 한국의 전남산 비자가 제주산 비자보다 3배 이상, 중국산 비자보다 8배 높게 나왔다. 총 플라보노이드 함량에서는 한국의 전남산 비자 $H_2O$와 MeOH 추출물 모두 제주산과 중국산 비자 보다 2배 높은 수치를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 중국산 비자보다 한국산 비자의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량이 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. DPPH 라디칼과 $ONOO^-$ 소거 활성 효과에서도 농도가 증가함에 따라 소거 활성이 농도 의존적으로 증가하였고 한국산 비자 $H_2O$와 MeOH 추출물이 아주 좋은 소거 활성을 가지는 것을 알 수 있었으며 특히 $ONOO^-$ 소거 활성에서 한국산 MeOH 추출물 모두 대조구인 $\text\tiny{L}$-penicillamine 보다 좋은 강력한 소거 활성을 가지는 것을 알 수 있었다. GC-MS를 이용하여 유효성분을 동정한 결과, 한국산 비자에서는 총 8종의 화합물이 확인되었으며 중국산 비자에서는 총 5종의 화합물이 확인되었다. 모든 비자의 가장 높은 피크인 methyl linoleate와 methyl oleate의 피크 면적이 한국산과 중국산의 함량과 그 비율이 서로 반대임을 알 수 있었다. 동정된 화합물 중에서 7종의 성분을 정량 분석한 결과에서는 한국산과 중국산 모두 2-monopalmitin 함량이 가장 많이 검출되었다. 1,2-heptanediol과 dimethyl suberate는 중국산 비자에서만 검출되었고 제주산과 전남산 비자에서는 검출되지 않았다. Dimethyl azelate는 중국산 비자에서 한국산 비자 보다 높게 검출되었고 제주산 비자에서는 소량, 전남산 비자에서는 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 연구 결과를 고려할 때 한국산과 중국산 비자의 뚜렷한 항산화 활성과 유효성분 차이를 확인 할 수 있었으며, 비자가 산지별 그리고 용매별에 따라 다양한 항산화 활성을 가지는 것으로 조사되어 천연 항산화제로서의 개발 가능성이 높은 자원으로 판단되며, 소비자들에게 올바른 기능성 식품을 선택할 수 있는 기초자료로 제공될 수 있을 것이다.