• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 2010

Novel influenza A (H1N1) is a newly emerged flu virus that was first detected in April 2009. Unlike the avian influenza (H5N1), this virus has been known to be able to spread from human to human directly. Although it is uncertain how severe this novel H1N1 virus will be in terms of human illness, the illness may be more widespread because most people will not have immunity to it. In this study, we compared the codon usage bias between the novel H1N1 influenza A viruses and other viruses such as H1N1 and H5N1 subtypes to investigate the genomic patterns of novel influenza A (H1N1). Totally, 1,675 nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A virus, including H1N1 and H5N1 subtypes occurring from 2004 to 2009, were used. As a result, we found that the novel H1N1 influenza A viruses showed the most close correlations with the swine-origin H1N1 subtypes than other H1N1 viruses, in the result from not only the analysis of nucleotide compositions, but also the phylogenetic analysis. Although the genetic sequences of novel H1N1 subtypes were not exactly the same as the other H1N1 subtypes, the HA and NA genes of novel H1N1s showed very similar codon usage patterns with other H1N1 subtypes, especially with the swine-origin H1N1 influenza A viruses. Our findings strongly suggested that those novel H1N1 viruses seemed to be originated from the swine-host H1N1 viruses in terms of the codon usage patterns.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.364-369
• /
• 2005

HPMC (Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) was chemically modified, using maleic anhydrides, to obtain pH-sensitive HPMCAM (Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate maleate) polymers for use as novel duodenum-specific coating agents. The pharmaceutical properties of HPMCAM, such as film forming, acid values, pH-sensitive values, water vapor permeability, tensile strength and Tg, were investigated, and found to show good film forming properties. The pH­sensitive values were 3.0 to 3.7. In vitro results demonstrate that HPMCAM could completely suppress drug release within 2h in a simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and rapidly release the drug in a simulated pathological duodenal fluid (pH 3.4). These results indicate that HPMCAM might be a useful material for a duodenum-specific drug delivery system.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.141-143
• /
• 2017

Novel structured thin film transistors (TFTs) of amorphous silicon zinc tin oxide (a-SZTO) were designed and fabricated with a thin metal layer between the source and drain electrodes. A SZTO channel was annealed at $500^{\circ}C$. A Ti/Au electrode was used on the SZTO channel. Metals are deposited between the source and drain in this novel structured TFTs. The mobility of the was improved from $14.77cm^2/Vs$ to $35.59cm^2/Vs$ simply by adopting the novel structure without changing any other processing parameters, such as annealing condition, sputtering power or processing pressure. In addition, stability was improved under the positive bias thermal stress and negative bias thermal stress applied to the novel structured TFTs. Finally, this novel structured TFT was observed to be less affected by back-channel effect.

• 영미문화
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.323-348
• /
• 2009

Kazuo Ishiguro's fifth novel When We Were Orphans (2000) tells the story of Christopher Banks, a private detective, who embarks on the ultimate case of his career, the puzzle of his own life. The novel consists of two overall parts, one taking place in London, the other in Shanghai-a division which reveals one of the novel's major themes, the relation between home and abroad. Set in the 1930s, Ishiguro's novel on the one hand contains all the classic ingredients of the so called golden age detective genre-an archetypal English private detective, equipped with fierce deductive skills and a magnifying glass, as well as suspects, criminals, and victims-and yet on the other hand it also deviates in significant ways. In this article, I will attempt to make some links between When We Were Orphans and the genre paradigm of the golden age detective story, arguing that Ishiguro's novel offers an exploration of the genre's ideological connections to a larger historical discourse of imperial nostalgia and decline.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.217-231
• /
• 2022

This study investigates the geometrical impact on the nanomedicine drug delivery via nanodevices. A nanomotor made of the nanotube carrying the drug as the motor blade is considered in the blood flow. Physical activities change the blood flow, and sports training enhances the blood flow and plays a significant role in the stability of drug delivery devices. This paper studies the impact of geometrical parameters on the nanomotors carrying the nanomedicine. The effect of physical exercise on the dynamic response regarding the stability of drug delivery devices is discussed in detail.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.74-85
• /
• 2022

Organisms constituting a large proportion of marine ecosystems, ranging from bacteria to fish, exhibit fluorescence and bioluminescence. A variety of marine organisms utilize these biochemically generated light sources for feeding, reproduction, communication, and defense. Since the discovery of green fluorescent protein and the luciferin-luciferase system more than a century ago, numerous studies have been conducted to characterize their function and regulatory mechanism. The unique properties of fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins offer great potential for their use in a broad range of applications. This short review briefly describes the functions and characteristics of fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins, in addition to summarizing the recent status of their applications.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 2023

This study is an example of a class of bibliotherapy through Lee Chung-joon's novel Snowy Road. Bibliotherapy proceeds through the process of identification, catharsis, output, insight, and application through reading. Through research, students objectively examine the situation of the character in the novel and compare it with their own situation. Students evaluate the situation of the character in the novel, experience the various life positions of the character in the novel by answering "What would you do if I were a character in the novel," and express their willingness to live differently from their lives. At the same time, I look into my relationship with my parents and seriously think about whether there is a problem and how to solve it if there is one. Through this process, students specifically suggest ways to think about and solve their emotions and problems. In the end, students' hurt feelings can be partially or sufficiently healed through reading. Through this study, it is expected that the method of bibliotherapy will be more concrete and develop in a positive direction.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.159-168
• /
• 2016

Objective: This study investigated the age at which monolingual children can understand that different languages are different conventional systems of communication. In particular, we investigated when children can suspend using the mutual exclusivity (ME) assumption that a label solely refers to one category when interpreting novel words from foreign languages. Methods: Two-year-olds (n = 16) and 3-year-olds (n = 16) participated in the procedure, which consisted of three blocks. In the first block, a Korean speaker taught the children a novel word, muppi, referring to a novel object. The children were presented with two objects, muppi and another novel object. The Korean speaker then asked the children to find a referent of either muppi or the other novel Korean label, kkati. In the second block, a foreign language (either English or Spanish) speaker asked children to find the object for a foreign novel word, sefo, presenting two objects: muppi and the third novel object, which had not been presented before. The procedure of the third block was identical to that of the first block. Results: Three-year-olds exploited the ME assumption when interpreting a Korean novel word but not when interpreting a foreign novel word. In contrast, 2-year-old children did not use the ME assumption when interpreting native and foreign words. Conclusion: Children acquire an understanding that native and foreign languages have different words for an object at least by 3 years of age.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보통신학회 2018년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.600-603
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 Novel Engineering 교수학습단계를 기반으로 창의적 체험활동 시간에 이루어지는 SW 융합형 호국보훈 수업 방안에 대해 기술하고자 한다. 글짓기, 그림 그리기 등 천편일률적으로 이루어지는 호국보훈 수업에 새로운 교육 방법인 Novel Engineering을 적용한 SW 융합형 수업을 개발함으로써 학생들의 컴퓨팅 사고력을 바탕으로 하는 문제해결력 신장은 물론 나라 사랑 정신을 함양할 수 있다. 순국열사의 이야기를 담은 도서를 읽고, 책 속에 제시된 역사적 장면을 추체험활동(Re-enactment)을 통해 시나리오로 작성한 후 이를 Lego WeDo 2.0을 활용해 시뮬레이션 상황을 구현한다. 이러한 SW 융합형 호국보훈 수업을 통해 학생들의 변화도를 창의적 사고력 검사지와 설문지를 통해 분석한 결과 유의미한 변화가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 향후에는 보다 다양한 학년과 교과로 그 범위를 확대하여 Novel Engineering을 적용한 SW 융합형 수업의 효과성을 일반화할 수 있도록 해야겠다.

• 영어영문학
• /
• 제54권1호
• /
• pp.3-29
• /
• 2008

Ian Watt, author of The Rise of the Novel, maintained that the novel originated in modern England, came from prose discourses such as the news, political essays and journalistic writing which propagated the Enlightenment, and the novels represent formal realism. The main point of this paper is to examine Watt's theory of the rise of the novel on the basis of the criticism of antinomy of the Enlightenment and "the public sphere" in Habermas' terms. At first, I will criticize formal realism, which is not a new literary species, but a formally renovated realistic form that represented capitalism and protestantism. And, then, I will show that formal realism is a kind of antinomy because it turned away from the voices and reality of the low-class and women though the novel concentrated on common people, not the aristocrats. Secondly, I will inquire into the antinomy of the Enlightenment in the aspects of reason, freedom, individualism and women. In my view, as soon as the high-middle class acquired their political rights, these values were no more encouraged and the result revealed antinomy of the Enlightenment more explicitly. Thirdly, I'd argue that "the public sphere" had positive meanings to everyone when the bourgeosie were fighting against the Absolutism and the aristocracy. I'll also insist that the high-middle class and the intellectuals were in "the public sphere" in which Habermas argues that rationality and equality were thought to have been realized, while the low-middle class and most women were de-enlightened and disciplined by reading the novel privately. In conclusion, formal realism is not the rise of the novel, but the opening of the novel peculiar to bourgeosie parliamentarism from the middle-eighteenth century to the middle-twentieth century.