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A Note on the Minimization of the Expected Makespan and the Expected Flow Time in M Machine Flow Shops with Blocking

  • Wie Sung Hwan
    • 한국국방경영분석학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.75-83
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    • 1984
  • Consider an m machine flow shop with blocking. The processing time of job j,j=1,..., n on each one of the m machines is equal to the same random variable $X_j$ and is distributed according to $F_i$. We assume that the processing times are stochastically ordered, i.e., $F_{1_{-st}}{<}F_{2_{st}}{<}cdots_{-st}{<}F_n$. We show that the sequence 1,3,5,...,n-1,n,n-2,...,6,4,2 when n is even and sequence 1,3,5,...,n-2,n,n-1 ... 6,4,2 when n is odd minimizes the expected makespan and that the sequence 1,...,n minimizes the expected flow time.

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STRONG CONVERGENCE OF THE MODIFIED HYBRID STEEPEST-DESCENT METHODS FOR GENERAL VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES

  • Yao, Yonghong;Noor, Muhammad Aslam
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • 제24권1_2호
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    • pp.179-190
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    • 2007
  • In this paper, we consider the general variational inequality GVI(F, g, C), where F and g are mappings from a Hilbert space into itself and C is the fixed point set of a nonexpansive mapping. We suggest and analyze a new modified hybrid steepest-descent method of type method $u_{n+l}=(1-{\alpha}+{\theta}_{n+1})Tu_n+{\alpha}u_n-{\theta}_{n+1g}(Tu_n)-{\lambda}_{n+1}{\mu}F(Tu_n),\;n{\geq}0$. for solving the general variational inequalities. The sequence $\{x_n}\$ is shown to converge in norm to the solutions of the general variational inequality GVI(F, g, C) under some mild conditions. Application to constrained generalized pseudo-inverse is included. Results proved in the paper can be viewed as an refinement and improvement of previously known results.

FIXED POINTS AND FUZZY STABILITY OF QUADRATIC FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS

  • Lee, Jung Rye;Shin, Dong Yun
    • 충청수학회지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.273-286
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    • 2011
  • Using the fixed point method, we prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the following quadratic functional equations $${cf\left({\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n\;xi}\right)+{\displaystyle\sum_{i=2}^nf}{\left(\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n\;x_i-(n+c-1)x_j\right)}\\ {=(n+c-1)\;\left(f(x_1)+c{\displaystyle\sum_{i=2}^n\;f(x_i)}+{\displaystyle\sum_{i in fuzzy Banach spaces.

ON F-HARMONIC MAPS AND CONVEX FUNCTIONS

  • Kang, Tae-Ho
    • East Asian mathematical journal
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.165-171
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    • 2003
  • We show that any F-harmonic map from a compact manifold M to N is necessarily constant if N possesses a strictly-convex function, and prove 'Liouville type theorems' for F-harmonic maps. Finally, when the target manifold is the real line, we get a result for F-subharmonic functions.

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Role of $N_2$ flow rate on etch characteristics and variation of line edge roughness during etching of silicon nitride with extreme ultra-violet resist pattern in dual-frequency $CH_2F_2/N_2$/Ar capacitively coupled plasmas

  • 권봉수;정창룡;이내응;이성권
    • 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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    • pp.458-458
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    • 2010
  • The process window for the etch selectivity of silicon nitride ($Si_3N_4$) layers to extreme ultra-violet (EUV) resist and variation of line edge roughness (LER) of EUV resist were investigated durin getching of $Si_3N_4$/EUV resist structure in a dual-frequency superimposed capacitive coupled plasma (DFS-CCP) etcher by varying the process parameters, such as the $CH_2F_2$ and $N_2$ gas flow rate in $CH_2F_2/N_2$/Ar plasma. The $CH_2F_2$ and $N_2$ flow rate was found to play a critical role in determining the process window for infinite etch selectivity of $Si_3N_4$/EUV resist, due to disproportionate changes in the degree of polymerization on $Si_3N_4$ and EUV resist surfaces. The preferential chemical reaction between hydrogen and carbon in the hydrofluorocarbon ($CH_xF_y$) polymer layer and the nitrogen and oxygen on the $Si_3N_4$, presumably leading to the formation of HCN, CO, and $CO_2$ etch by-products, results in a smaller steady-state hydrofluorocarbon thickness on $Si_3N_4$ and, in turn, in continuous $Si_3N_4$ etching due to enhanced $SiF_4$ formation, while the $CH_xF_y$ layer is deposited on the EUV resist surface. Also critical dimension (and line edge roughness) tend to decrease with increasing $N_2$ flow rate due to decreased degree of polymerization.

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A GENERAL ITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR A FINITE FAMILY OF NONEXPANSIVE MAPPINGS IN A HILBERT SPACE

  • Thianwan, Sornsak
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • 제28권1_2호
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    • pp.13-30
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    • 2010
  • Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space H. Consider the following iterative algorithm given by $x_0\;{\in}\;C$ arbitrarily chosen, $x_{n+1}\;=\;{\alpha}_n{\gamma}f(W_nx_n)+{\beta}_nx_n+((1-{\beta}_n)I-{\alpha}_nA)W_nP_C(I-s_nB)x_n$, ${\forall}_n\;{\geq}\;0$, where $\gamma$ > 0, B : C $\rightarrow$ H is a $\beta$-inverse-strongly monotone mapping, f is a contraction of H into itself with a coefficient $\alpha$ (0 < $\alpha$ < 1), $P_C$ is a projection of H onto C, A is a strongly positive linear bounded operator on H and $W_n$ is the W-mapping generated by a finite family of nonexpansive mappings $T_1$, $T_2$, ${\ldots}$, $T_N$ and {$\lambda_{n,1}$}, {$\lambda_{n,2}$}, ${\ldots}$, {$\lambda_{n,N}$}. Nonexpansivity of each $T_i$ ensures the nonexpansivity of $W_n$. We prove that the sequence {$x_n$} generated by the above iterative algorithm converges strongly to a common fixed point $q\;{\in}\;F$ := $\bigcap^N_{i=1}F(T_i)\;\bigcap\;VI(C,\;B)$ which solves the variational inequality $\langle({\gamma}f\;-\;A)q,\;p\;-\;q{\rangle}\;{\leq}\;0$ for all $p\;{\in}\;F$. Using this result, we consider the problem of finding a common fixed point of a finite family of nonexpansive mappings and a strictly pseudocontractive mapping and the problem of finding a common element of the set of common fixed points of a finite family of nonexpansive mappings and the set of zeros of an inverse-strongly monotone mapping. The results obtained in this paper extend and improve the several recent results in this area.

Gf-SPACES FOR MAPS AND POSTNIKOV SYSTEMS

  • Yoon, Yeon Soo
    • 충청수학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.831-841
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    • 2009
  • For a map f : A $\rightarrow$ X, we define and study a concept of $G^f$-space for a map, which is a generalized one of a G-space. Any G-space is a $G^f$-space, but the converse does not hold. In fact, $S^2$ is a $G^{\eta}$-space, but not G-space. We show that X is a $G^f$-space if and only if $G_n$(A, f,X) = $\pi_n(X)$ for all n. It is clear that any $H^f$-space is a $G^f$-space and any $G^f$-space is a $W^f$-space. We can also obtain some results about $G^f$-spaces in Postnikov systems for spaces, which are generalization of Haslam's results about G-spaces.

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굴절이상도와 난시와의 관계 연구 (A Study of correlation between spherical refractive error and astigmatism)

  • 이정영;김재도;김대현
    • 한국안광학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.439-446
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    • 2004
  • 근시의 발생 및 증가의 원인이 지속적인 망막의 흐린 상에 의한다는 것이 여러 연구를 통해 알려져 왔다. 실제 임상에서는 미교정 난시가 망막의 흐린 상을 유발하는 한 가지 원인이 될 수 있다. 난시와 굴절이상도와의 관계를 알아보기 위해 87명의 대학생을 대상으로 N-vision 5001 자동굴절검안기(Shinnippon)를 이용하여 굴절이상도를 측정하였다. 직난시와 사난시의 그룹에서는 구면굴절이상도와 난시의 상관계수와 통계값은 각각 r=0.53 (ANOVA F=32.40, N=87, P<0.05)과 r=0.53(ANOVA F=5.14, N=15, P<0.001)으로 난시도수의 증가와 함께 굴절이상도수가 증가하지만 도난시와의 상관계수는 r=0.09 (ANOVA F=0.18, N=22, P<0.001)로 구면굴절이상도와 난시와의 상관관계는 미미한 것을 나타났다. 그룹 전체의 난시도수와 굴절 이상도는 각각의 그룹의 상관도 보다 높게 나타났다(r=0.56: ANOVA F=77.80, N=173, P<0.001) 그룹 전체에서 난시도수와 굴절이상도의 상관관계가 유의적 수준에서 높게 나타나는 것으로 보아 미교정 난시가 구면굴절이상의 발생 및 증가에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

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가변 시간 골드스미트 부동소수점 나눗셈기 (A Variable Latency Goldschmidt's Floating Point Number Divider)

  • 김성기;송홍복;조경연
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.380-389
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    • 2005
  • 부동소수점 나눗셈에서 많이 사용하는 골드스미트 나눗셈 알고리즘은 일정한 횟수의 곱셈을 반복한다. 본 논문에서는 오차가 정해진 값보다 작아질 때까지 곱셈을 반복하여 나눗셈을 수행하는 가변 시간 골드스미트 부동소수점 나눗셈 알고리즘을 제안한다. 부동소수점 나눗셈 ‘$\frac{N}{F}$'는 'T=$\frac{1}{F}+e_t$'를 분모와 분자에 곱하면 ’$\frac{TN}{TF}=\frac{N_0}{F_0}$'가 된다. ’$R_i=(2-e_r-F_i),\;N_{i+1}=N_i{\ast}R_i,\;F_{i+1}=F_i{\ast}R_i$, i$\in${0,1,...n-1}'를 반복한다. 중간 곱셈 결과는 소수점이하 p 비트 미만을 절삭하며, 절삭 오차는 ‘$e_r=2^{-p}$', 보다 작다. p는 단정도실수에서 29, 배정도실수에서 59이다. ’$F_i=1+e_i$'이라고 하면 ‘$F_{i+1}=1-e_{i+1},\;e_{i+1},\;e_{i+1}'이 된다. '$[F_i-1]<2^{\frac{-p+3}{2}}$'이면, ’$e_{i+1}<16e_r$'이 부동소수점으로 표현 가능한 최소값보다 작아지며, ‘$N_{i+1}\risingdotseq\frac{N}{F}$이다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 입력 값에 따라서 곱셈 횟수가 다르므로, 평균 곱셈 횟수를 계산하는 방식을 도출하고, 여러 크기의 근사 역수 테이블($T=\frac{1}{F}+e_t$)에서 단정도실수 및 배정도실수의 나눗셈 계산에 필요한 평균 곱셈 횟수를 계산한다. 이들 평균 곱셈 횟수를 종래 알고리즘과 비교하여 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘의 우수성을 증명한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 오차가 일정한 값보다 작아질 때까지만 반복 연산을 수행하므로 나눗셈기의 성능을 높일 수 있다. 또한 최적의 근사 역수 테이블을 구성할 수 있다. 본 논문의 연구 결과는 디지털 신호처리, 컴퓨터 그라픽스,, 멀티미디어, 과학 기술 연산 등 부동소수점 계산기가 사용되는 분야에서 폭 넓게 사용될 수 있다.

GENERATING NEW FRAMES IN $L^2(\mathbb{R})$ BY CONVOLUTIONS

  • Kwon, Kil-Hyun;Lee, Dae-Gwan;Yoon, Gang-Joon
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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    • 제15권4호
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    • pp.319-328
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    • 2011
  • Let $\mathbf{c}=\{c_n\}_{n{\in}\mathbb{Z}}\in{\ell}^1(\mathbb{Z})$ and $\{f_n\}_{n{\in}\mathbb{Z}}$ be a frame (Riesz basis, respectively) of $L^2(\mathbb{R})$. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions of $\mathbf{c}$ under which $\{\mathbf{c}{\ast}_{\lambda}f_n\}_{n{\in}\mathbb{Z}}$ becomes a frame (Riesz basis, respectively) of $L^2(\mathbb{R})$, where ${\lambda}$ > 0 and $(\mathbf{c}{\ast}_{\lambda}f)(t)\;:=\;{\sum}_{n{\in}\mathbb{Z}}c_nf(t-n{\lambda})$. When $\{\mathbf{c}{\ast}_{\lambda}f_n\}_{n{\in}\mathbb{Z}}$ becomes a frame of $L^2(\mathbb{R})$, we present its frame operator and the canonical dual frame in a simple form. Some interesting examples are included.