• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable method for rapid establishment of grassland according to forage species, mixed pastures and installation of mesh at 35 degree angle of cutting area in the middle region of Korea. In agronomic characteristics after wintering, vegetation coverage of Tall fescue(TF) was 74% in monoculture, which was the highest among 3 forage crops. Meanwhile average vegetation coverages of monoculture and mixed pasture were 67 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 4 and 18% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In botanical composition, TF of monoculture and Orchardgrass(OG) and TF oriented mixed were indicated over 94% forage coverage. Meanwhile forage coverages Kentucky bluegrass(KBG) and Red top(RT) of monoculture and Perennial ryegrass(PRG) oriented mixture were 89, 81 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 7, 6 and 5% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In forage productivity, dry matter yield(DMY) of TF(12,537kg/ha) and KBG(11,897kg/ha) of monoculture were significant(p<0.05) higher than RT(9,604kg/ha). Meanwhile DMY of OG(12,227kg/ha), TF(12,823kg/ha) and PRG(11,871kg/ha) oriented mixed were not significant difference(p>0.05). In forage quality of monoculture, in the first year, crude protein of KBG was 13.6%, which was the highest among 3 forage species. Also neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of TF was 56.5%, which was the lowest among 3 forage species. In mixed pasture, in the second year, NDF and acid detergent fiber of PRG oriented mixed were 56.5 and 34.3%, respectively, which was the lowest among 3 mixed pasture. In conclusion, forage species TF was more suitable on initial rootage and continuous forage coverage, OG and TF oriented mixed were more suitable on continuous forage coverage. Also the installation of mesh showed positive effects on initial rootage and maintain forage ratio.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.999-1009
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• 2022

The Chuncheon Mullori area is an underprivileged area for water welfare that does not have a local water supply system. Here, water is supplied to the village by using a small-scale water supply facility that uses underground water and underground water as the source. To solve the problem of water shortage during drought and to prepare for the increasing water demand, a sand dam was installed near the valley river, and this facility has been operating since May 2022. In this study, in order to evaluate the reliability of water supply when a sand dam is assumed during a drought in the past, groundwater runoff simulation results using MODFLOW were used to generate inflow data from 2011 to 2020, an unmeasured period. After performing SWAT-K basin hydrologic modeling for the watershed upstream of the existing water intake source and the sand dam, the groundwater runoff was calculated, and the relative ratio of the monthly groundwater runoff for the previous 10 years to the monthly groundwater runoff in 2021 was obtained. By applying this ratio to the 2021 inflow time series data, historical inflow data from 2011 to 2020 were generated. As a result of analyzing the availability of water supply during extreme drought in the past for three cases of demand 20 m³/day, 50 m³/day, and 100 m³/day, it can be confirmed that the reliability of water supply increases with the installation of sand dams. In the case of 100 m³/day, it was analyzed that the reliability exceeded 90% only when the existing water intake source and the sand dam were operated in conjunction. All three operating conditions were evaluated to satisfy 50 m³/day or more of demand based on 95% reliability of water supply and 30 m³/day or more of demand based on 99% of reliability.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.19-31
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• 2023

The importance of barrier free is being highlighted worldwide. This study attempted to identify barrier-free research trends using text mining. Through this, it was intended to help with research and policies to create a barrier free environment. The analysis data is 227 papers published in domestic academic journals from 1996 when barrier free research began to 2022. The researcher converted the title, keywords, and abstract of an academic thesis into text, and then analyzed the pattern of the thesis and the meaning of the data. The summary of the research results is as follows. First, barrier-free research began to increase after 2009, with an annual average of 17.1 papers being published. This is related to the implementation guidelines for the barrier-free certification system that took effect on July 15, 2008. Second, results of barrier-free text mining i) As a result of word frequency analysis of top keywords, important keywords such as barrier free, disabled, design, universal design, access, elderly, certification, improvement, evaluation, and space, facility, and environment were searched. ii) As a result of TD-IDF analysis, the main keywords were universal design, design, certification, house, access, elderly, installation, disabled, park, evaluation, architecture, and space. iii) As a result of N-Ggam analysis, barrier free+certification, barrier free+design, barrier free+barrier free, elderly+disabled, disabled+elderly, disabled+convenience facilities, the disabled+the elderly, society+the elderly, convenience facilities+installation, certification+evaluation index, physical+environment, life+quality, etc. appeared in a related language. Third, as a result of the CONCOR analysis, cluster 1 was barrier-free issues and challenges, cluster 2 was universal design and space utilization, cluster 3 was Improving Accessibility for the Disabled, and cluster 4 was barrier free certification and evaluation. Based on the analysis results, this study presented policy implications for vitalizing barrier-free research and establishing a desirable barrier free environment.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.51-68
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• 2019

This study performs to evaluate adaptability of seashore filtering type seawater-intake which adapts dua1 filter well alternative for direct seawater-intake. This study varies filter condition of seashore free surface aquifer which is composed of sand layer then installs real size dual filter well and single filter well to evaluate water permeability and proper pumping amount according to filter condition. According to result of step aquifer test, it is analysed that 110.3% synergy effect of water permeability coefficient is happened compare to single filter since dual filter well has better improvement. dual filter has higher water permeability coefficient compare to same pumping amount, this means dual filter has more improved water permeability than single filter. According to analysis result of continuous aquifer test, it is evaluated that dual filter well (SD1200) has higher water permeability than single filter well (SS800) by analysis of water permeability coefficient using monitoring well and gauging well, it is also analysed dual filter has 110.7% synergy effect of water permeability coefficient. As a evaluation result of pumping amount according to analysis of water level dropping rate, it is analysed that dual filter well increased 122.8% pumping amount compare to single filter well when water level dropping is 2.0 m. As a result of calculating proper pumping amount using water level dropping rate, it is analysed that dual filter well shows 136.0% higher pumping amount compare to single filter well. It is evaluated that proper pumping amount has 122.8~160% improvement compare to single filter, pumping amount improvement rate is 139.6% compare to averaged single filter. In other words, about 40% water intake efficiency can be improved by just installation of dual filter compare to normal well. Proper pumping amount of dual filter well using inflection point is 2843.3 L/min and it is evaluated that daily seawater intake amount is about $4,100m^3/day$ (${\fallingdotseq}4094.3m^3/day$) in one hole of dual filter well. Since it is possible to intake plenty of water in one hole, higher adaptability is anticipated. In case of intaking seawater using dual filter well, no worries regarding damages on facilities caused by natural disaster such as severe weather or typhoon, improvement of pollution is anticipated due to seashore sand layer acts like filter. Therefore, It can be alternative of environmental issue for existing seawater intake technique, can save maintenance expenses related to installation fee or damages and has excellent adaptability in economic aspect. The result of this study will be utilized as a basic data of site demonstration test for adaptation of riverside filtered water of upcoming dual filter well and this study is also anticipated to present standard of well design and construction related to riverside filter and seashore filter technique.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2014

The ventilation frequency of 0.5 times in residential facilities is applied mandatorily to the housing facilities containing more than 100 house units to improve the indoor air quality and create comfortable interior conditions and pleasantness for residents. The Building Energy Efficiency Rating system requires the implementation of leakage test based on ventilation frequency with the test results being reflected in the efficiency ratings, thereby stimulating the precise construction of the fittings in the periphery of windows and savings of energy that can be lost due to the infiltration air. The inspection results of the Building Energy Efficiency Rating at the site showed that the ventilation frequency was in the range between 0.63 and 0.71 and that the difference was found to have a significant effect on the amount of energy reduction. It is urgent to conduct the study on highly leakage-proof buildings and construction methods, along with the expansion of mandatory leakage-proof diagnosis of non-residential buildings, considering the mandatory ventilation frequency below 0.6 for passive houses under the European standards and the target set by Korea to introduce the passive house, the rigorous standard for energy efficiency in buildings and mitigating their ecological footprint, by 2017 and achieve the zero house by 2025.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.298-304
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• 2014

Purpose: This preliminary rabbit study was conducted to evaluate the effect of recombinant human transforming growth factor-${\beta}2$ (rhTGF-${\beta}2$)/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) coating on osseointegration of the titanium (Ti) implant. Materials and methods: Eight Ti implants were anodized with 300 voltages for three minutes. Four of those were coated with rhTGF-${\beta}2$/PLGA by an electrospray method as the experimental group. The implants were placed into tibiae of four New Zealand rabbits, two implants per a tibia, one implant per each group. After 3 and 6 weeks, every two rabbits were sacrificed and micro-computed tomography (microCT) was taken for histomorphometric analysis. Results: In scanning electron microscope (SEM) image, the surface of rhTGF-${\beta}2$/PLGA coated Ti implant showed well distributed particles. Although statistically insignificant, microCT analysis showed that experimental group has higher bone volume / total volume (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) values relatively. Cross sectional view also showed more newly formed bone in the experimental group. Conclusion: In the limitation of this study, rhTGF-${\beta}2$/PLGA particles coating on the Ti implant show the possibility of more favorable quantity of newly formed bone after implant installation.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

It is sometimes necessary to change the location of the collection conduit, which is constructed in shallow sediments in a stream, if the concentrations of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ become too high for water treatment. A total of nine wells, including four shallow wells with a depth of 3 m and five deeper wells with a depth of 6 m, were installed in the study area at Naeseong-cheon in Yecheon-gun. The change in hydrogeochemical features of groundwater and the concentrations of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ were examined at the wells during 5 hours of pumping. As pumping was performed, the velocity of groundwater flow was increased around the pumping well and aeration conditions were developed to precipitate iron and manganese oxides in an oxidizing environment. In addition, the concentrations of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Cl^-$ at the pumping well were increased following the mixing of surface water and groundwater. It is suggested that the center region of the stream would be more suitable for a new collection conduit, considering the concentrations of $Fe^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$ in groundwater and their reducing effect during pumping. The installation of a collection conduit based on field tests performed to ensure water quality enables a reduction in the construction and management costs at water treatment facilities.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.60-72
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• 1994

Background: The number of outpatients visiting large university teaching hospitals has increased drastically with the introduction of a nationwide health care insurance in 1989 and the improvement of the socio-economic status of the population. This resulted in long waiting times for services, particularly prescribed drugs, which have been patients' chief complaints. Hospitals have tried to solve the problem with limited success because their approach lacked comprehensive research. The objective of this study is to investigate associations between waiting times and variables defining a total work system. Methods: Data for the outpatient pharmacy department in a tertiary care university teaching hospital located in Seoul was analyzed to achieve the study objective. Associations of pharmacy system variables -- work load, work force, pharmacist work schedule, machine problems, and inventory control -- with mean and 99th percentile of waiting times were examined by the hierarchical stepwise regression method. Day was a unit of the analyses. Results: The regression models explained 65.8% of variance in the mean waiting time and 61.34% in the 99th percentile of waiting times. The break-down of the printer for drug envelops, Automatic Tablet Counters (ATCs), and main computer system lasted longer than 30 minutes increased the mean for 7.7 minutes, 4.5 minutes, and 7.0 minutes, respectively, and the 99th percentile for 14.8 minutes, 9.0 minutes, and 15.7 minutes, respectively. Concerning the work force, study results showed that there were significant differences in the productivity of pharmacists with work experience more than three years, one to three years, and less than one year, and showed that peak time aid work by pharmacists at job assignments other than the outpatient pharmacy, part-time pharmacists, and the installation of ATCs were effective in reducing waiting times, Finally, study findings indicated that the operational policy of work assignment and rotation schedule, supply and inventory of drugs at work tables, and readiness for undisrupted work during the work hours could have a significant effect on waiting times. Conclusion: The study results indicated that efforts to reduce waiting times for prescribed drugs should be geared toward every components of the pharmacy work system ranging from work schedule of pharmacists and supply of dugs at work tables. These findings should provide hospital managers with right directions in battling the problem.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.35-42
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to investigate the direction of improvement of safety experience education through the analysis of the evacuation time experiment. For the study, test subjects were divided into groups of similar body size and weight. The test subjects were directly experienced four evacuation devices, and the experience time was measured. As a result of the analysis of the total time from the installation of the evacuation device to the escape, the time was measured in the order of Descending Life Line-Tilt-Down Rescue Line-Vertical Escape Chute-air safety mat. In the case of evaluating the evacuation time using evacuation mechanisms, the evacuation time was measured in the order of air safety mat-Tilt-Tilt-Down Rescue Line-Descending Life Line-Vertical Escape Chute. In the first and second experiments of the Descending Life Line, time differences were observed. The escape time using the Descending Life Line was reduced in the second experiment than in the first experiment. As shown in this result, education through experience has shown that behavioral confidence and time can be managed. The conclusion of this study is that the goal of safety education is to minimize human life and property damage. Therefore, in order to bring this effect to more people, it is necessary to make efforts to keep self-safe through experiential education.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.28-34
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of occupant's path selection on the shape of the pictogram and the opening/closing of the door. This study was carried out through a simulation experiment using computer virtual reality. Exit light pictogram for exit door and exit light pictogram for passage were arranged for each scenario in type T corridor and type + corridor. The computer graphic was used to carry out the simulation. In addition, we analyzed the response of human behavior according to the two directions (left and right) of exit light pictogram for exit door and the effect of opening direction of doorway. In addition, the change of decision-making according to the presence or absence of exit light pictogram for passage was confirmed. The results of the direction selection response were as follows. First, in the case of the T-shaped corridor, if the exit light was not installed on the door, it was influenced by the opening direction of the door. Second, when the exit light is attached to the door, the selectivity in the direction that matches the exit light pictogram direction is high. As a result, it was confirmed that the pictogram direction of the exit light influenced the evacuation route selection of the occupants.