• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2018

This study was conducted to develop an SNP set that can be useful for marker-assisted breeding (MAB) in watermelon (Citrullus. lanatus L) using Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis of 20 commercial elite watermelon inbreds. The result of GBS showed that 77% of approximately 1.1 billion raw reads were mapped on the watermelon genome with an average mapping region of about 4,000 Kb, which indicated genome coverage of 2.3%. After the filtering process, a total of 2,670 SNPs with an average depth of 31.57 and the PIC (Polymorphic Information Content) value of 0.1~0.38 for 20 elite inbreds were obtained. Among those SNPs, 55 SNPs (5 SNPs per chromosome that are equally distributed on each chromosome) were selected. For the understanding genetic relationship of 20 elite inbreds, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) was carried out with 55 SNPs, which resulted in the classification of inbreds into 4 groups based on PC1 (52%) and PC2 (11%), thus causing differentiation between the inbreds. A similar classification pattern for PCA was observed from hierarchical clustering analysis. The SNP set developed in this study has the potential for application to cultivar identification, F1 seed purity test, and marker-assisted backcross (MABC) not only for 20 elite inbreds but also for diverse resources for watermelon breeding.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2013

This study employed inter-simple-sequence repeat (ISSR) to assess genetic variation among 189 individuals representing 10 populations (nine in Korea and one in Japan) of Millettia japonica, which has recently been lifted from the endangered species of Korea. The calculated Shannon's information index value (I = 0.2689) of the species was appreciable and was higher than other endangered leguminous woody taxa. Gochang (I = 0.2968), Namhae (I = 0.2951), and Mt. Toham (I = 0.2823) populations showed relatively high genetic diversity, whereas the Kyushu (in Japan) population (I = 0.2487) exhibited the lowest. The results of an analysis of molecular variance indicated that 86.49% of the diversity was attributed to within populations, and 13.51% to differences among populations, suggesting that M. japonica populations do not have significant geographic differentiation and that the gene flow between populations exists to some extent (Nm = 1.8446). Continuous habitat monitoring should be conducted to conserve genetic diversity of M. japonica, particularly for those populations with relatively high genetic diversity. Selection of many individuals from the populations in Gochang, Namhae, and Mt. Toham is thought to be an appropriate strategy for ex situ conservation of M. japonica in Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.323-333
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• 2013

This study investigated the geographic and pairwise distances of nine Chinese local Cashmere goat populations through the analysis of 20 microsatellite DNA markers. Fluorescence PCR was used to identify the markers, which were selected based on their significance as identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). In total, 206 alleles were detected; the average allele number was 10.30; the polymorphism information content of loci ranged from 0.5213 to 0.7582; the number of effective alleles ranged from 4.0484 to 4.6178; the observed heterozygosity was from 0.5023 to 0.5602 for the practical sample; the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.5783 to 0.6464; and Allelic richness ranged from 4.7551 to 8.0693. These results indicated that Chinese Cashmere goat populations exhibited rich genetic diversity. Further, the Wright's F-statistics of subpopulation within total (FST) was 0.1184; the genetic differentiation coefficient (GST) was 0.0940; and the average gene flow (Nm) was 2.0415. All pairwise FST values among the populations were highly significant (p<0.01 or p<0.001), suggesting that the populations studied should all be considered to be separate breeds. Finally, the clustering analysis divided the Chinese Cashmere goat populations into at least four clusters, with the Hexi and Yashan goat populations alone in one cluster. These results have provided useful, practical, and important information for the future of Chinese Cashmere goat breeding.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.59-87
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• 2011

These days, firms are focusing on the improvement of relationships with business partners. The supply chain integrations are taking critical role in improving the relationships with business partners. In accordance with the development of the IT technology, it became possible for firms not only to integrate inner parts of the organization, but also to integrate the company with other organizations in the supply chain. Therefore, in e-Biz environments, it is imperative for firms to strengthen the core capacity through the supply chain, and to precisely determine the components of the determinants of e-Business integration which impact the firm performance. This study analyzed determinants that have impacts on e-business integration in e-business capacity perspectives in competitive environments. This study based on the premise that the resources and capacities that Grant(1991) and Hart(1995) emphasized do not directly influence the corporate performance. This study focused on the fact that corporate must create core competencies based on these capacities to establish competitive edge. Therefore, this study model analyzed to find out which e-Biz competencies are needed to integrate e-Biz according to competitive environment elements. This study designed to empirically analyze the impact of the e-Biz competencies to the e-Biz integration and to the corporate performance. Independent variables of this study-IT management, partner management, e-Biz knowledge, e-Biz establishment and proliferation, process innovation-are selected based on precedent studies on e-Biz competencies. We selected intermediate variables to verify that e-Biz competencies do not have direct impact on the corporate performance, but have impact on the e-Biz integration, which is intermediate effect. That is to verify that if the components of supply chain improve the integration level using e-Biz competencies, the overall supply chain performances will improve. Dependent variables are selected to verify that e-Biz integration has impacts on corporate performances. This study used factor analysis, path analysis, moderating effect analysis as statistical tests. First, we used exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to analyze reliability and validity. Because e-Biz competencies are presented variously by preceding studies, we used SPSS16.0 to verify if survey questionnaire used by theoretical backgrounds is properly composed. Second, we tested the property of structure model by AMOS. We did path analysis using AMOS16.0 to test structure that is composed of e-Biz competencies and e-Biz integration. Last, we tested moderating effects of measure factors. We analyzed 163 domestic companies to find out many significant suggestive points. First, relationship improvement capacity, e-business knowledge sharing capacity with business partners, and process innovation capacity are adopted as determinants of differentiation and competitive edges against competing firms. Second, e-business knowledge sharing capacity, and process innovation capacity are analyzed as the determinants of e-business integration in the firm which demand fluctuation in the market is high. On the other hand, among the determinants that require capturing ideas on new products, and strengthening the technological power, process innovation capacity are adopted as the determinants. These results provide us the foundation that the determinants that we have analyzed can impact the supply chain integration strategies which take into account the competitive environments.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.189-248
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• 2001

In this essay, following final conclusions have been drawn by analyzing medical ideology and research system of Yi cheon in Yi hak yip mun("醫學入門"). Firstly, even though the existing medical history researchers are not noting the system of Yi-cheon's medical ideology, this essay has proved the man as a doctor who succeeded the (main system) based on the content of Yi-hak-yip-mun("醫學入門") by Ju-Dan-Gae(朱丹溪). The outline of this proof is as follows. 1. Those doctors who had actively researched in Myung era(明代), were basically taking over the medical studies and result of Gum-Won era(金元代). However, depending on whose theory is to be followed, the followers are largely divided into two groups of Ju-Dan-Gae Academics(丹溪學派) and On-Boe Academics(溫補學派). In addition, both Ju-Dan-Gae Academics(丹溪學派) and On-Boe Academics(溫補學派) hold contradictory ideologies to that of the main medical system. In Yi-hak-yip-mun("醫學入門"), Yi-cheon(李?) ties The Text of Whang-Jae-Nae-Kyung("黃帝內經"), Jang-Jung-Kyung(張仲景), Yu-Ha-Gun(劉河間), Yi-Dong-Won(李東垣), Ju-Dan-Gae(朱丹溪) into one pedigree. With regard to the main system, he especially marks Ju-Dan-Gae(朱丹溪) for his efforts in gathering various medical theories into a large compilement. 2. When Yi-Cheon(李?) was writing Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun("醫學入門"), he made references to various medical publishings, among those book which he had utilized, books by Ju-Dan-Gae Academics(丹溪學派) had affected him more than anything else in terms of both quality and quantity. 3. Yi-Cheon(李?)'s "Congested Phlegm Theory(痰鬱論)" had succeeded "Congested Phlegm Theory(痰鬱論) of Ju-Dan-Gae Academics(丹溪學派). His Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun("醫學入門"), carries a more complete form of "Congested Phlegm Theroy(痰鬱論) which was made into a more systemic and widely applicable method which was by Ju-Dan-Gae Academics(丹溪學派). Secondly, Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun("醫學入門"), is a medical book which was written in the process of systemic reorganization of medical theories of various academic parties in Myung 명 era. Since this process was hearing its completion in the period of Yi-Cheon(李?), he chose specific ways of reshuffling, whilst seeking ways to efficiently utilizing existing medical information . He provided a standard to specific ways. He rearranged the existing medical theories based upon these standards. He also contributed to clinical medicine by providing description of symptoms focused upon the symptoms differentiated In Conclusion, Yi-Hak-Yip-Mun("醫學入門") holds systematic medical information which was developed by Ju-Dan-Gae Academics(丹溪學派). Also, Yi-Cheon(李?) uniformly classified the clinical experiences of existing Ju-Dan-Gae Academics(丹溪學派). He had contributed in the clinical use of Ju-Dan-Gae Academic(丹溪學派)'s clinical experience by providing main points from differentiation of symptoms.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2014

For development of a method for differentiation of Pleurotus eryngii cultivars, simple sequence repeats (SSR) from whole genomic DNA sequence analysis was used for genotyping and two multiplex-SSR primer sets were developed. These SSR primer sets were employed to distinguish 12 cultivars and strains. Five polymorphic markers were selected based on the genotyping results. PCR using each primer produced one to four distinct bands ranging in size from 200 to 300 bp. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the five markers were in the range of 0.6627 to 0.6848 with an average of 0.6775. Unweighted pairgroup method with arithmetic mean clustering analysis based on genetic distances using five SSR markers classified 12 cultivars into two clusters. Cluster I and II were comprised of four and eight cultivars, respectively. Two multiplex sets, Multi-1 (SSR312 and SSR366) and Multi-2 (SSR178 and SSR277) completely discriminated 12 cultivars and strains with 21 alleles and a PIC value of 0.9090. These results might be useful in providing an efficient method for the identification of P. eryngii cultivars with separate PCR reactions.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2020

Open banking, the global trend of the financial industry, is the driving force behind various innovations in the financial market in the future. The right policy direction and detailed tasks are important for triggering the differentiation and reunion of the financial industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the background of open banking, domestic and international trends, and Korea's open banking policy. The policy directions and tasks for successful settlement and activation of open banking system are carefully suggested. Open banking is a policy to allow third party provider(TPP) access to bank accounts and open payment functions under the explicit consent of the customer. The opening of the open banking era is expected to begin competition and cooperation between banks and fintech companies in earnest, thus enhancing the competitiveness of the financial industry and contributing to the utility of financial consumers. To this end, policymakers should make every effort to advance open-ended financial settlement infrastructure, open banking legal grounds, and minimize side effects such as customer data leakage and poor financial system stability. Banks and fintech companies will need to focus on scattered customer financial information on a single platform and develop it into a convergence and discrimination of true financial services.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.305-313
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• 2010

Pacific abalone Haliotis discus discus is an important fisheries resource in Jeju, Korea. For basic information about its current genetic status in relation to stock enhancement, the level and distribution of genetic variation between wild and released stocks of Pacific abalone in Jeju were examined at nine cross-species microsatellite markers including the use of two novel primers. High levels of polymorphism were observed between the two populations. A total of 146 different alleles were found at all loci, with some alleles being unique. The allelic variability ranged from five to 27 in the wild population and from four to 16 in the released sample. The average observed and expected heterozygosities were estimated to be 0.74 and 0.84 in the wild sample and 0.70 and 0.78 in the released sample, respectively. Although a considerable loss of rare alleles was observed in the released sample, no statistically significant reductions were found in heterozygosity or allelic diversity in the released sample compared to the wild population. Low but significant genetic differentiation was found between the wild and released populations. These results suggest that the intensive breeding practices for stock enhancement may have resulted in a further decrease in genetic diversity, and that the cross-species microsatellite markers used in this study represent a potentially efficient means for further genetic studies, providing beneficial information for the protection and management of H. discus discus.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.71
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• pp.52-74
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• 2015

The May 18 Democratic Movement has been considered to be specific case of the big deviation in social memory among the events that occurred after the Korea War. Compared with other events associated with the democratization movement, the May 18 Democratic Movement is special in that can be achieved various changed meaning. In this study, primary focus will be on the background and logics to show what changed the meaning of the May 18 Democratic Movement from the perspectives of the memorial project. And to investigate influences of change of meaning on perspectives and forms of memorial projects. Recognition and forms of memorial projects on the May 18 Democratic Movement had been largely changed around 2000s. Memorial projects were the aspects that are the logics of the social movements absorbed into the logics of the institutionalization before 2000s. During this period, it was done primarily the discourse of a holy ground for democracy and sanctuarization, had characterized the nature of the struggle of memory. After 2000s, the May 18 Democratic Movement has been interpreted historical resources to create a cultural city and a human rights city. Sometimes the May 18 Democratic Movement was appropriated by local development discourse, and sometimes was adopted as the material of differentiation strategy in the city. Form of memorial projects has also been changed type of struggle of memory to type of heritage industry.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2017

Background: BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. Methods: We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Results: BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-${\beta}$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$) kinase ($IKK{\beta}$), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway by blocking $IKK{\beta}$ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/$IKK{\beta}$/TBK1 overexpression strategy. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of $IKK{\beta}$ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.