• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.2
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• pp.71-83
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• 2020

College students are the potential income classes preparing for income activities and are the main consumers of the future that are very important. In order to understand the current state of ginseng-related consumption culture of young consumers, this study wanted to examine university students' attitudes toward ginseng-related products and services in the future, and to find out their purchasing status, satisfaction, and intent to purchase them. In doing so, we looked at the relative influence of the relevant variables that affect the intent of the purchase. As a result, the variables that affect college student consumers' intention to purchase ginseng-related products were shown in the order of their reliability, economy, purchasing experience, subjective interest, monthly income, monthly allowance, pride in ginseng, and age. Of these, most of the variables had positive effects, but the average monthly income, monthly allowance, and age had negative effects. In other words, the higher the reliability, economy, and self-esteem of ginseng, the higher the willingness to buy ginseng, the higher the subjective interest in ginseng, the higher the age, the lower the monthly allowance, and the lower the income, the lower the willingness to buy ginseng. To promote college students' consumption of ginseng products, it is necessary to cut prices for the younger generation, enhance the quality of the products for the younger generation, improve the taste to overcome the negative aspects of rejecting the bitter and bitter taste, and, above all, induce consumers' attention. It is also necessary to expand accessibility through the development of convenient and easy-to-eat products for young people and the expansion of sales outlets. Recently, young consumers are interested in new products they have never experienced before, products that are good to certify because of their unique design or packaging, and retro products that stimulate nostalgia in the past, so they need to promote and provide information related to consumption of ginseng products in this regard. Considering the practicality and convenience of consumers, we propose consideration of personal consumers' taste curation services, which reflect their preference for products that are convenient to carry with them in line with various living environments, and can have synergy with other products.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.243-251
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• 2019

Microplastics (MP) are found in large quantities in the oceans, posing a major threat to the ecosystem. In Korea, MPs have been reported to be detected in sea salts. In order to analyze MPs, information on their composition, size, and shape is required. FT-IR microscopy is used frequently to measure sizes larger than 20 ㎛. Recently, however, Raman microscopy, which can analyze ultrafine plastics below 20 ㎛, has been applied extensively. In this study, 10.0 g samples of commercially available salts were dissolved and filtered through a 45 ㎛ mesh filter with a size of 25.4 mm × 25.4 mm. These filtered samples were then analyzed by both FT-IR microscopy and Raman microscopy. A total of four MPs, including three polyethylene (PE) of size 70-100 ㎛ and a polypropylene (PP) of size 170 ㎛, were detected by FT-IR microscopy, while 10 MPs, including nine PE of size 10-120 ㎛ and one polystyrene (PS) of size 40 ㎛, were detected by Raman microscopy. Approximately, 1,000 MPs/kg was estimated, which was almost two times higher than the previous reported levels (~550-681 particles/kg in sea salts); this is because Raman microscopy can detect much smaller MPs than FT-IR microscopy. A total of 113 particles were found using Raman microscopy: Carbon (35, 31.5 %), minerals (28, 25 %), and glass (16, 14.4 %) were dominant, forming around 70% of the total, but MPs (10, 8.8 %) and cellulose (5, 4.5 %) were also found. Raman microscopy has great potential as an accurate method for measuring MPs, as it can measure smaller size MPs than FT-IR microscopy. It also has a reduced sample preparation time.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.534-541
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• 2019

his study assessed microbial contamination of leeks and leek-cultivated soil. Leeks and leek-cultivated soil were collected in A and B regions and accounted for 39 and 33 samples, respectively. All of the samples were analyzed for the presence of sanitary indicator bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli), Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. In A and B region, the total aerobic bacteria was in the range of 5.87-8.78 log CFU/g for leeks and 5.94-8.45 log CFU/g for leek-cultivated soil. The coliform in leeks and leek-cultivated soil was in the range of 1.20-7.36 log CFU/g and 2.45-5.87 log CFU/g, respectively. B. cereus was detected from some of the samples while other pathogens were not detected. This study provides important background information on the microbiological safety of fresh vegetable cultivation environments.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.23-32
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• 2008

Anatomical and physical characteristics of seven cultivars of chestnut wood (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc.), Tanzawa, Ibuki, Mansung, Arima, Ginyose, Tsukuba, and Riheiguri, were investigated to obtain some valuable information for their possibilities to be used for high quality furnitures and woodcrafts. Solitary pore and figured-porous or ring-porous wood types were observed in wide growth rings, and ring-porous in narrow growth rings. Procumbent type was prevalent in ray cells although upright and square types were scarcely existed. Uniseriate, biseriate, and multiseriate rays were observed in tangential section. Uniseriate ray was abundant near the pith, and biseriate and multiseriate rays were frequently existed near the bark. The occurrence rate of biseriate and multiseriate rays was significantly high in Tanzawa, Ibuki, Mansung and Tsukuba, but was somewhat low in Arima, Ginyose and Riheiguri. The inner region showed larger vessel diameter, more vessel number, fewer ray number and higher ray height than the outer region. Growth-ring width in inner region was larger than that in outer region. Growth-rings in inner region of Mansung and Arima were wide while that of Ibuki was narrow. Outer region in all cultivars showed higher latewood percentage than inner region. Especially, Mansung and Tsukuba showed significantly high latewood percentage in their outer region. Green moisture content and density of heartwood were higher than those of sapwood. Tsukuba and Riheiguri had higher green moisture content, and Ibuki and Riheiguri had higher green density than the other chestnut cultivars.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.227-237
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• 2003

Purpose: The human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562, expresses the chimeric bcr-abl oncoprotein, whose deregulated protein tyrosine kinase activity antagonizes via DNA damaging agents. Previous experiments have shown that nanomolar concentrations of herbimycin A (HWA) coupled with X-irradiation have a synergistic effect in inducing apoptosis in the Ph-positive K562 leukemia cell line, but genistein, a PTK inhibitor, is non selective for the radiation-induced apoptosils on $p210^{bcr/abl}$ protected K562 cells. In these experiments, the cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways, the Induction on a number of transcription factors and the differential gene expression in this model were investigated. Materials and Methids: K562 cells in the exponential growth phase were used in this study. The cells were irradiated with 0.5-12 Gy, using a 6 Mev Linac (Clinac 1800, Varian, USA). Immediately after irradiation, the cells were treated with $0.25/muM$ of HMA and $25/muM$ of genistein, and the expressions and the activities of abl kinase, MAPK family, NF- kB, c-fos, c-myc, and thymidine kinase1 (TK1) were examined. The differential gene expressions induced by PTK inhibitors were also investigated. Results: The modulating effects of herbimycin A and genistein on the radiosensitivity of K562 cells were not related to the bcr-abl kinase activity. The signaling responses through the MAPK family of proteins, were not involved either in association with the radiation-induced apoptosis, which is accelerated by HMA, the expression of c-myc was increased. The combined treatment of genistein, with irradiation, enhanced NF- kB activity and the TK1 expression and activity. Conclusion: The effects of HMA and genistein on the radiosensitivity on the K562 cells were not related to the bcr-abl kinase activity in this study, another signaling pathway, besides the WAPK family responses to radiation to K562 cells, was found. Further evaluation using this model will provide valuable information for the optional radiosensitization or radioprotection.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2003

Purpose: The Planning of High-Dose-Rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatments are becoming individualized and more dependent on the treatment planning system. Therefore, computer software has been developed to perform independent point dose calculations with the integration of an isodose distribution curve display into the patient anatomy images. Meterials and Methods: As primary input data, the program takes patients'planning data including the source dwell positions, dwell times and the doses at reference points, computed by an HDR treatment planning system (TPS). Dosimetric calculations were peformed in a $10\times12\times10\;Cm^3$ grid space using the Interstitial Collaborative Working Group (ICWG) formalism and an anisotropy table for the HDR Iridium-192 source. The computed doses at the reference points were automatically compared with the relevant results of the TPS. The MR and simulation film images were then imported and the isodose distributions on the axial, sagittal and coronal planes intersecting the point selected by a user were superimposed on the imported images and then displayed. The accuracy of the software was tested in three benchmark plans peformed by Gamma-Med 12i TPS (MDS Nordion, Germany). Nine patients'plans generated by Plato (Nucletron Corporation, The Netherlands) were verified by the developed software. Results: The absolute doses computed by the developed software agreed with the commercial TPS results within an accuracy of $2.8\%$ in the benchmark plans. The isodose distribution plots showed excellent agreements with the exception of the tip legion of the source's longitudinal axis where a slight deviation was observed. In clinical plans, the secondary dose calculations had, on average, about a $3.4\%$ deviation from the TPS plans. Conclusion: The accurate validation of complicate treatment plans is possible with the developed software and the qualify of the HDR treatment plan can be improved with the isodose display integrated into the patient anatomy information.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.183-189
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• 2009

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) maximal intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction method in breast MRI. Materials and Methods : Total 54 breasts of consecutive 27 patients were examined by breast MRI. Breast MRI was performed using GE Signa Excite Twin speed (GE medical system, Wisconsin, USA) 1.5T. We obtained routine breast MR images including axial T2WI, T1WI, sagittal T1FS, dynamic contrast-enhanced T1FS, and subtraction images. 3D MIP reconstruction images were obtained as follows; subtraction images were obtained using TIPS and early stage of contrast-enhanced TIPS images. And then 3D MIP images were obtained using the subtraction images through advantage workstation (GE Medical system). We detected and analyzed the lesions in the 3D MIP and routine MRI images according to ACR $BIRADS^{(R)}$ MRI lexicon. And then we compared the findings of 3D MIP and those of routine breast MR images and evaluated whether 3D MIP had additional information comparing to routine MR images. Results : 3D MIP images detect the 43 of 56 masses found on routine MR images (76.8%). In non-mass like enhancement, 3D MIP detected 17 of 20 lesions (85 %). And there were one hundred sixty nine foci at 3D MIP images and one hundred nine foci at routine MR images. 3D MIP images detected 14 of 23 category 3 lesions (60.9%), 11 of 16 category 4 lesions (68.87%), 28 of 28 Category 5 lesions (100%). In analyzing the enhancing lesions at 3D MIP images, assessment categories of the lesions were correlated as the results at routine MR images (p-value < 0.0001). 3D MIP detected additional two daughter nodules that were descriped foci at routine MR images and additional one nodule that was not detected at routine MR images. Conclusion : 3D MIP image has some limitations but is useful as additional image of routine breast MR Images.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.3 s.71
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• pp.279-288
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• 2007

Today, design is not free from fashion, which emerges and vanishes temporarily, and aims at equalization. As a result, products quickly become obsolete because of fashion. This means that the span of products is determined by a social concept, which is not clarified, regardless of their functions. Usable products will gradually disappear from us and it will cause serious environmental problems, unless we can find out measures against fashion. As such, it is important to study the characteristics of the shaker's design in this circumstance. The Shaker's community has a distinguishable difference from other general societies. Temporary fashion and misled information cannot interfere with their consciousness. Religion, the life and the principle of design have developed on the same level in their community. Especially, any decoration or the difference of materials is not allowed in shaker's design. It reflects their thinking that all people are equal in the sight of God. Therefore, any decoration for social and economical superiority can not be used. Through this consciousness, they can be free from fashion or decoration. They, also, believe that they can reach perfection through practicality and simplicity. The reason why shaker's design is not disturbed by fashion is that their belief is involved in their design. Consequently, if religious or conscious contents are primarily set up, design can be free from fashion and products can be used for a long time.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1996

This work has been carried out to examine the number of Total, ICM and TE cells of F1 mouse blastcysts at day 4 after IVF by differential labelling of the nuclei with polynucleotide-specific fluorochromes and to obtain a fundamental information of preimplantation mouse embryo development. Blastocysts produced by superovulated B6CBA F1(C57BL/${\times}$CBA) eggs were inseminated with $1{\times}10^6$spermatozoa/ml and cultured in M16 medium at $37^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 95hrs. Blastocysts were classified as early, middle, expanded and hatching stage according to the developmental morphology; blastocoel expansion and zona thickness. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows; 1) The development rate of blastocysts at 95hrs after IVF was 86.7% and classified blastocysts to early, middle, expanded and hatching were 16.3%, 18.9%, 10.5% and 40.9%, respectively. 2) The numbers of total blastomere using bisbenzimide in the classified blastocysts to early, middle, expanded and hatching were 35.6${\pm}$1O.4, 49.4${\pm}$8.6, 60.8${\pm}$1O.7 and 62.7${\pm}$13.9, respectively. 3) In ICM and TE cell number by using differential labelling with polynucleotide-specific fluorochrome in the classified blastocysts to early, middle, expanded and hatching; ICM numbers were 9.6${\pm}$3.0, 13.6${\pm}$3.9, 16.0${\pm}$3.3 and 19.5${\pm}$4.6, respectively and TE cell numbers were 30.6${\pm}$5.1, 39.9${\pm}$5.8, 42.2${\pm}$8.1 and 43.7${\pm}$11.1, respectively. These results showed the same increase pattern according to development advance level. Also, when compared with the results of total count were obtained between bisbenzimide only and differential labelling, both of them showed the same increase pattern according to development level and at the same time their cell numbers were almost the same. So, rapid and simple cell count method using differential labelling can be used for the examination of later preimplantation development or as an indicator of embryo quality according to the variables of culture conditions.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.351-366
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develop a cookbook for children as a nutritional education material considering the dietary behaviors of elementary school students. Dietary behaviors were surveyed in 5th and 6th grade students(male 45, female 45) in Gangwon-do. 48.9% of the children ate breakfast every day, and 67.8% ate Korean food such as cooked rice, soup, and side dishes for breakfast. The reason for skipping the breakfast was 'have no time'. 42.2% of the children answered 'cook the foods that they want to eat' about the question how to eat when they are alone at home. 52.2% of the children ate snacks 1~2 times a day, and such snacks included fruits(46.6%), ice cream(22.2%), bread or cookies(21.1%), and instant foods(11.1%). Children preferred meats to vegetables and preferred Bokeum(27.8%), Twigim(25.6%), Guk Jjigae(21.1%) to other cooking methods. 96.7% of the children have cooked at least 1 time. 64.4% of the children have cooked because they 'just want to cook.' The kinds of the foods that they have cooked were Ramen(68.8%), fried eggs(53.3%), Bokeumbap(37.8%), and sandwiches(18.9%). Considering these results, cookbooks were categorized by 'cook by myself', 'cook snacks speedily', and 'show off my cooking skills' with 5~6 dishes in each. They have pictures of a cooking process about all dishes and provide information on the contents of protein, fat, calcium, sodium as well as energy, the method to plan balanced diet by using the food pyramid and the portion size for children. This cookbook gives basic knowledge about cooking such as measuring, sanitation, and the separation of food garbage. I expect that the cookbook can be used as a nutritional education material to improve the dietary behaviors of children.