• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.186-194
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• 2014

The object of this study was to obtain acute toxicity information (single-dose oral toxicity) of Woohwangchungshim-won (WHCSW), a pill type herbal medicine used in Korean Medicine (KM) for treating stroke. In order to obtain the 50% lethal dose (LD50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, WHCSW powders were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines (Notification No. 2009-116). The mortality and changes in the body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored for 14 days after single-dose oral administration of WHCSW according to KFDA Guidelines with organ weights and histopathological changes were observed in 12 principle organs. After single-dose oral administration of WHCSW, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg-administered group, except for some accidental findings and dose-independent increases of body weight gains in female 1,000 and 500 mg/kg-administered female mice. The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD50 and ALD of WHCSW in both female and male mice after single-dose oral administration were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), and can be safely used in clinics.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2016

Many medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of edema, jaundice, and gonorrhea in traditional Oriental medicine. This screening study was designed to search the positive inotropic effects of herbal extracts in beating rabbit atria. Aquarius extracts of twenty six herbs were examined in atrial mechanical dynamics such as pulse pressure and stroke volume and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), one of the main hormones involved in the regulation of the body fluid and blood pressure homeostasis in perfused beating rabbit atria. Sophora flavescens Ait., Rheum officinale Baill., Acorus gramineus Sol., Chelidonium majus L., Pulsatilla koreana Nakai., Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Euphorbia lathyris L., Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farwell, Poncirus trifoliata Rafin., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, Kochia scoparia Schrad. significantly increased stroke volume and pulse pressure. However, those herbal extracts were not induced ANP secretion. We clarified the eleven herbal extracts for the positive inotropic effect independent of ANP secretion in beating rabbit atria. Thus these results provide a beneficial data for the treatment of the impairment of body fluid and blood pressure in traditional Oriental medicine.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.452-462
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the Self Efficacy Promotion and Exercise Program to prevent of obesity and cardiovascular diseases for the kidney transplant recipients. The subjects were selected randomly among the patients who underwent kidney transplantations at one major transplantation hospital in Seoul, Korea. This study ws carried out between November 23, 1999 and February 15, 2000. The subjects in this study consisted of 16 patients who had kidney transplantations between 1 month and 12 months ago prior to this study. They were all on steroids therapy and did not take any physical exercise regularly. The subjects received the self efficacy promotion and exercise program for 12 weeks which contained self efficacy promotion education and exercise program. The weight, body fat rate, exercise time and cardiopulmonary function were evaluated before the experiment and after the experiment. The results were as follows: 1. After the experiment, the weight was significantly decreased than that of before the experiment(p=.0001). 2. After the experiment, the body fat rate was significantly decreased than that of before the experiment(p=.0010). 3. After the experiment, the exercise time was significantly increased than that of before the experiment(p=.0002). 4. After the experiment, the absolute VO2 was significantly increased than that of before the experiment(p=.0008). 5. After the experiment, the relative VO2 was significantly increased than that of before the experiment(p=.0002). This study showed that the self efficacy promotion and exercise program was effective. So it would be expected that this self efficacy promotion and exercise program could be applied as an effective independent nursing intervention widely in prevention of obesity and cardiovascular diseases for kidney transplant recipients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3075-3079
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• 2014

Background: The relationship between body mass index(BMI) and outcomes after chemoradiotherapy(CRT) has not been systematically addressed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BMI on survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Materials and Methods: Sixty ESCC cases were retrospectively reviewed in this study. Patient overall survival(OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared between two groups (BMI< $24.00kg/m^2$ and $BMI{\geq}24.00kg/m^2$). Results: There were 41 patients in the low/normal BMI group (BMI< $24.00kg/m^2$) and 19 in the high BMI group ($BMI{\geq}24.00kg/m^2$). No significant differences were observed in patient characteristics between these. We found no difference in 2-year OS and DFS associated with BMI (p=0.763 for OS; p=0.818 for DFS) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis revealed that higher clinical stage was prognostic for worse 2-year OS and DFS, metastasis for 2-year OS, lymph node status for 2-year DFS, while age, gender, smoking, drinking, tumor location and BMI were not prognostic. There were no differences in the 2-year OS (hazard ratio=1.117; p=0.789) and DFS(hazard ratio=1.161; p=0.708) between BMI groups in multivariate analysis, whereas we found statistical differences in the 2-year OS and DFS associated with clinical stage, gender and tumor infiltration (p<0.04), independent of age, smoking, drinking, tumor location, the status of lymph node metastases and BMI. Conclusions: BMI was not associated with survival in patients with ESCC treated with CRT as primary therapy. BMI should not be considered a prognostic factor for patients undergoing CRT for ESCC.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2015

In the design of sailing yachts, para-glider, or high-sky wind power, etc., the analysis of side-wind aerodynamic forces exerted on a cambered 3-D model is very important to predict the performance of various machinery systems. To understand the essential flow physics around the three-dimensional shape, simplified rigid-body models are proposed in this study. Four parameters such as free stream velocity, angle of attack, aspect ratio, and camber are considered as the independent variables. Lift and drag coefficients are computed with CFD technique using ANSYS-CFX, and the results with the visualization of post-processed flow fields are analyzed in the viewpoint of fluid dynamics.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2004

The effects of herbal medicine on type 2 diabetic animal model were investigated. Herbal medicine were composed with the addition of Coicis Semen into Okchun-san (OCS). Commelinae Herba into Gangsim-tang (GST). Scrophulariae Radix into Hyunsamsunki-san (HSK). and Erythrinae Cortex into Yukmijihuang-hwan (YMH). We evaluated anti-hyperglycemic and body weight reduction activity in diabetic db/db mice. The experimental animals were divided into six groups. as control group and five sample groups. Each 200mg/kg/day of OCS, GST, HSK and YMH was administered with orally for 14days long. 5mg/kg/day of acarbose was administered with orally for 14days long. On day 14, OCS-treated db/db mice had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to control group(296±25.9 versus 593±16.4mg/dl. p<0.001). During the 2 h intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), all the sample groups were improved compared to control group but insignificantly. After 14days of extract treatment. body weight in control. YMH and acarbose groups were increased. but OCS. GST and HSK groups reduced. However. it did not significantly lower hemoglobin Alc(HbAlc) in blood of db/db mice. These result suggest that OCS could be effective on insulin-independent type 2 diabetes.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.586-590
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• 2003

The effect of water temperature and feed on the growth, survival, and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) fed an artificial formulated diet and a macroalgae (Laminaria japonica) for 12 weeks was investigated. Rearing temperature was maintained at $13{\circ}C,\;16{\circ}C,\;19{\circ}C$ by heated and natural sea water temperatures $(7.5-10.2{\circ}C).$ Shell growth, weight gain, and survival rate of the abalone were affected by water temperature and diet (P<0.05). Survival and growth rate of the abalone fed with the formulated diet and Laminaria at $19{\circ}C$ was significantly higher than those of the abalone fed the formulated diet or Laminaria at $13{\circ}C,\;16{\circ}C,$ and ambient temperatures (P<0.05). Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, and ash contents of the soft whole body were affected mainly by diet than rearing water temperature (P<0.05). These indicate that a mixture of formulated diet and macroalgae could improve the growth of the abalone independent of water temperature and heated water could improve the growth of abalone during the winter season.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.83-91
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• 2017

Climate change has been identified as one with the greatest challenges facing nations, government, business and over future decades. Activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the Kyoto Protocol, the international community has been in progress. Korea also has introduced the Emission trading system to reduce greenhouse emission from the supervision of the government. Greenhouse gases emissions quantity should be internationally recognized. Mutual Recognition Arrangement should be recognized as the same greenhouse gas emission. International recognition of domestic verification body of international mutual recognition is required. Efforts are needed to secure the equivalence between the emission rights through direct cooperation with the relative nation accreditation body. Early entry into the IAF/PAC GHG MLA is essential for demonstrating equivalence between greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions trading will also require connection to the EU ETS, California, USA, and Tokyo, Japan to link Emissions trading. In the case of establishing accreditation standards and accreditation criteria, it will be necessary to distinguish between the domestic Energy Target Management System and the Emission Trading System. Independent greenhouse gases verification bodies should be established to meet the requirements of IAF and PAC. It is necessary to revise the qualification criteria for the verification of the greenhouse gas verification body according to international standards requirements. It is necessary to support the role of accreditation bodies of domestic greenhouse gas verification bodies. It is required to join international organizations of international mutual recognition of international trade and the need for pilot projects to link greenhouse gas emissions. The core link to our emission trading system is called EU-ETS, and we will need to join the IAF/PAC GHG MLA GHG. The International Mutual Recognition Agreement (IAF) is expected to allow international interoperability of GHG emissions verification between EA and the PAC. By signing a PAC GHG MLA, it will need to be prepared to prepare for the pilot project to link the emission trading system.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to apply treadmill training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children and examine its effects on their Gross Motor Functions. The subjects of this study were 13 spastic diplegia children who had difficulty in independent gait, and GMFCS level III, IV. We performed treadmill gait training using the principle of weight bearing, based on 4times a week for 30 minutes before and after each session physical therapy we gave weight bearing treadmill training 5 to 10 minutes, during 7 weeks(April 9, 2012~May 26, 2012) fittingly for the children's gait characteristics. In order to test how the weight bearing treadmill training affects spastic diplegia children's gross motor functions, we measured body mobility with Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM). These data were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed through comparison. Data collected from the 13 spastic diplegia children the results were as follows. For evaluating with regard to change in body mobility, significant difference was observed between before and after the experiment in measured gross motor functions, which were crawling, kneeling, standing, walking, jumping and running(p<0.05). According to the results of this study, when gait training through motor learning was applied to spastic cerebral palsy children, it made significant changes in their body mobility. Accordingly, for the effective application of gait training through motor learning to cerebral palsy children, it is considered necessary to make research from different angle on how such training affects children's mobility, activity of muscles in the lower limbs, and gait characteristics.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-92
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• 2012

Purpose: Obesity affects dysfunction of Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary(H-P-O) axis. Dysfunction of H-P-O axis could be related to Skin Resistance Variability (SRV). This study investigated the impacts of obesity which related to female age on SRV. Methods: We randomly selected 400 women who had taken CP-6000A test and InBody test on the same day at Oriental Hospital of Sangji University from Jan. 2008 to Jun. 2011. In this study, the Body Mass Index(BMI) range of normal group is 18.5~24.9, obesity group is over 25, the age range of childbearing age group is 24~34 years, post-menopause group is 50~65 years. 139 women that met the criteria of this study were assorted by their BMI and age. After detection of SRV, SPSS 19.0 has conjugated for data analysis and the independent samples t-test and paired samples t-test were used to verify the results. Results: At 1st and 2nd trial, the height of 3 area of childbearing age obesity group was significantly higher than that of childbearing age normal group. At 1st and 2nd trial, the height of 1, 2 area of childbearing age obesity group was higher than that of childbearing age normal group, but there were no significant difference. At 1st and 2nd trial, the height of 1, 2, 3 area of post-menopause obesity group was mostly higher than that of post-menopause normal group, but there were no significant difference. Conclusions: This study showed the SRV of obesity group was higher than that of normal group in most of 1, 2, 3 area. Further study will be needed.