• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.416-420
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• 2002

Various products of karanj (Pongamia glabra) are utilized for industrial, health and animal agriculture applications in the Indian subcontinent. Despite a rich source of protein (CP, 28-34%), karanj cake was found to be slightly bitter in taste and toxic owing to the presence of flavonoid (Karanjin), restricting its safe inclusion in the livestock diets. Feeding trials with raw cake revealed its poor palatability and adverse performance among different categories of livestock including poultry. The present study was, therefore, aimed to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods like solvent extraction, water washing, pressure cooking and alkali and acid treatments. The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The raw expeller karanj cake was found to contain about 0.19% of karanjin. Though a non-polar solvent, soxhlet extraction of expeller pressed cake with petroleum ether drastically reduced karanjin content (0.01%). Soaking of cake for 24 h in 1% NaOH (w/w) solution was found to reduce karanjin to a major extent with little further benefit by increasing alkali level. Milder alkalies like lime and fertilizer grade urea reduced the karanjin levels marginally. Similar was the case with mineral acids such as HCl and glacial acetic acid. It was, therefore, concluded that solvent extraction of karanj seeds would be the best method of detoxification as well as for more recovery of oil and karanjin.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

The study was performed to optimize the processing conditions (alkali concentration, extraction time, and temperature) for rockfish skin gelatin based on yield using response surface methodology and comparison of the physicochemical properties with those of rockfish skin gelatin pretreated and extracted under ordinary conditions (alkali treatment concentration: 1.0 M; extraction time: 2 hr; extraction temperature: $60^{\circ}C$). Predicted maximum gelatin yield of 19.1% and gelatin content of 87.8% were obtained by extraction at $106.6^{\circ}C$ for 69.0 min after pretreatment with 1.1 M calcium hydroxide. Yield of gelatin extracted under high temperature/high pressure (G-HT/HP) was 54% higher than that extracted under ordinary temperature/time (G-OT/T). However, G-HT/HP was inferior in gel strength and gelling point to (G-OT/T), but comparable in transmission. Based on the physicochemical properties, G-HT/HP was unsuitable for use in products requiring higher physical properties, but could be useful for health-functional foods.

• Clean Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2024

The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from spent polypropylene (PP) sourced from the bumpers and interiors of used cars was carried out by using high-temperature supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction. The recycled polymers from the bumpers and interiors contained other additives beside PP such as polyethylene (PE), talc, and carbon black, which modified the properties of PP. The crystallinity of the recycled bumper and interior PP was significantly lower than that of the virgin PP pellet. The decomposition temperatures of the recycled bumper and interior PP was slightly higher than that of the virgin PP pellet, while the melting and crystallization points were slightly lower. The effect of process conditions on VOC removal was studied by varying the time (2 ~ 720 min), pressure (6.4 ~ 14 MPa), and temperature (298 ~ 473 K). Since VOC removal at 2 min produced satisfying results, times below 2 min (10 ~ 120 s) were also studied. The main goal of scCO₂ extraction was to reduce the xylene content, as the xylene content of the recycled bumpers was higher than the allowable limit. A temperature above 373 K was needed to remove the xylene from the waste PP samples. The optimum condition for VOC removal from bumper waste was determined to be 433 K, 8 MPa, and 60 s. The car interior waste had VOC content within the allowable limit, so no further treatment was needed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.866-874
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to elucidate the feasibility to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble itraconazole via solid dispersions by using supercritical fluid (SCF). Solid dispersions of itraconazole with hydrophilic polymer, HPMC 2910, were prepared by the aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) under different process conditions of temperature/pressure. The particle size of solid dispersions ranged from 100 to 500 nm. The equilibrium solubility increased with decrease (15 to 10 MPa) in pressure and increase (40 to $60^{\circ}C$) in temperature. The solid dispersions prepared at $60^{\circ}C$/15 MPa showed a slight increase in equilibrium solubility (approximately 27-fold increase) when compared to pure itraconazole, while those prepared at $60^{\circ}C$/10MPa showed approximately 610-fold increase and no endothermic peaks corresponding to pure itraconazole were observed, indicating that itraconazole might be molecularly dispersed in HPMC 2910 in the amorphous form. The amorphous state of itraconazole was confirmed by DSC/XRD data. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the ASES-processed solid dispersions, such as $T_{max},\;C_{max},\;and\;AUC_{0-24h}$ were almost similar to $Sporanox_{\circledR}$ capsule which shows high bioavailability. Hence, it was concluded that the ASES process could be a promising technique to reduce particle size and/or prepare amorphous solid dispersion of drugs in order to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2010

The ether extract(EE) of leaf tobacco contains diverse compounds such as lipid, resinoid, paraffin hydrocarbons and pigments. Although the correlation of EE concentertion with leaf tobacco has not been established clearly, it is known that in some concentration range, EE concentration of leaf tobacco exerts good influence on the quality of tobacco. Recently, The American Oil Chemist's Society introduced new method(Am 5-04; AOCS, 2009) to determine EE concentration by AT15 extractor. This method is based on extraction with organic solvent at relatively high temperature and pressure, which significantly reduces the extraction time and ensures safety. The aim of this study is to optimize analytical condition of AOCS method for analyzing EE concentration of leaf tobacco. When sample pre-drying time and extraction time of XT15 were set to 3 hour and 30 minute and 30 minute respectively, EE concentration obtained from AOAC method. Statistical analysis(T-test) showed that there is no difference(P>0.05) between EE concentrations from two methods.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of UV-protection activities and skin-whitening effects from Angelica gigas Nakai extracts on ultra high pressure extraction process. Extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ treated by ultra high pressure for 15 minute and associated with ultrasofication (HPE15) was showed more than double yield, compare conventional extraction, as 12.24% (w/w) from A. gigas. Extracts of HPE15 reduced expression of MMP-1 on UV-irradiated CCD-986sk cells as 122.2% and revealed high inhibitory potency on tyrosinase as 69.4% by adding samples. Extracts of HPE15 from A. gigas showed strong inhibition effect on melanin production test by Clone M-3 cells as 82.4% by adding extracts. From the preliminary observations, we considered that the extracts from A. gigas could be potent natural materials for skin-whitening agent, and could be used as a potential anti-aging agent for the photo-damaged skin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.319-331
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• 2019

This study was conducted to find a solvent, a extraction method and optimized conditions for Artemisia iwayomogi extract. which is effective to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. A. iwayomogi extract by distilled water, ethanol, methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate using ultrasonic, high-pressure and supercritical extraction was investigated for NO inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Extract obtained by ethanol and ultrasonic extraction method showed high NO production inhibitory activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to find a optimized ultrasonic extraction conditions. Results showed that the optimum conditions for the higher yield were ethanol solvent of 45.71% concentration with extraction time and ultrasonic power of 63.33min and 308.84 W, respectively. This condition predicted 15.85% yield, but real yield was $16.40{\pm}0.28%$. The optimum conditions for simultaneous anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity were established as ethanol concentration (80.81%), extraction time (90.00 min) and ultrasonic power (400.00 W). NO production inhibitory and antioxidant activity were $89.77{\pm}1.37%$ and $60.12{\pm}0.39%$, respectively. These results showed similar to the predicted values of 94.54%, 58.03% respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2009

In this study, two supercritical extraction systems of different scale, analytical-scale and lab-scale, were employed to investigate the extraction efficiency of canola oil from canola seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide ($SCCO_2$) as an extraction solvent. The effects of various parameters such as extraction temperature ($40{\sim}80^{\circ}C$), pressure (200~500 bar), particle size, and $SCCO_2$ flow direction on the extraction rate and yield were examined in detail. Triglycerides and fatty acids in the extracted canola oil were analyzed quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The solubility values of canola oil in $SCCO_2$ could be calculated from the experimental results. Similar extraction yields were obtained from both analytical-scale and lab-scale extraction systems. The extraction rates obtained under solvent ($SCCO_2$ ) upflow conditions were found to be higher than those of solvent downflow extraction. However, the effect of $SCCO_2$ flow direction on the extraction yield was observed to be relatively insignificant.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2010

Fucoidans, polysaccharides that are composed of fucose, uronic acids, galactose and xylose, are one of the main constituents of brown seaweeds. For the past decade algal fucoidans have been extensively studied due to their biological activities including anticoagulant, antiinflammatory, antitumor, contraceptive and antiviral activities. Even though fucoidan is known as a highly functionality derivative, its industrial applications have been limited because of low inclusion efficiency and high cost of manufacturing. Furthermore the sea-weed smell of fucoidan has been a limiting factor for the application especially in food and cosmetic area. The potential application of various extraction technology and deodorization of sea-weed smell is highly required for a wider application of fucoidan. As an alternative extraction process, enzymatic hydrolysis process or ultra-high pressure treatment has been investigated for the improvement of production yield and bioefficacy of fucoidan. More intensive research on the fucoidan production technology and its application in nutraceutical and cosmoceutical area is needed.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.204-212
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• 2013

In general, stepwise hot steaming process is known to be effective in improving its biological activities; however, not much employed in processing Codonopsis lanceolata due to its hardness. The complex processed C. lanceolata showed highest free radical scavenging acitivity as 45.21%. Total phenol and flavonoid content were of complex processed C. lanceolata higher than conventional extract and alone steaming process. It was showed the lower melanogenesis rate on melanin production test by B16F10 cells as 27.46%. High inhibitory of tyrosinase was also measured as 28.61% by adding steamed Codonopsis lanceolata extracts by high pressure extraction of 1.0 $mg/m{\ell}$. And anti-wrinkle activity were 39.08%. In comparing phenolic acids profiles in the extract, in general higher amounts of polyphenol were obtained possibly by easy release of active components during thermal processing, which results in better antioxidant activities than that of general extract. This findings can also be supported by result that the extract by steaming process showed better activities than the general extraction extract.