• 박물관보존과학
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• 제23권
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• pp.1-16
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• 2020

이 논문에서는 부여 규암리 출토 '금동관음보살입상(국보 제293호, M335번)' 1점을 현미경으로 확대 관찰하여 제작기법을 확인하였고, XRF 성분분석과 Hard X-선 조사로 구성 성분과 불상 표면 처리 방법, 주조법을 확인하였다. 이 불상은 연화대좌 위에 직립하는 보살상이다. 불상 양 측면으로 흘러내린 천의와 대좌에 표현된 연화문의 모양을 볼 때 7세기 이후에 만들어진 불상의 특징을 하고 있다. 대좌 안쪽에서 내형과 외형을 고정시키기 위한 틀잡이와 주물의 주입 흔적이 관찰되었다. 또한, 주조기법은 팔과 대좌 부분에 청동 주물시 형성된 기포가 확인되어 이를 종합해 볼 때 고대 중소형 금동불 제작에 많이 사용되는 밀납주조법으로 제작한 것으로 판단된다. 성분분석 결과, 불상 내부에서는 시기적으로 6~7세기에 많이 나타나는 구리(Cu)-주석(Sn)-납(Pb) 계열의 3원계 합금을 사용한 것으로 확인되며 이는 금속을 합금하여 주조를 쉽게 하고 불상에 표현된 문양 및 장식을 선명하게 표현하고자 하는 의도로 추정된다. 불상 표면에서는 수은(Hg)이 검출되어 금(Au)을 수은(Hg)에 용해시켜 도금하는 방식인 아말감도금기법을 사용했던 것으로 추정되며 이러한 도금방법은 고대 한반도에서 제작된 소형 금동불에서 주로 확인되는 불상의 도금 방식이다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2013

1993년 12월 23일 부여 능산리 고분군과 나성(羅城, 궁성을 감싸고 있는 성곽 사이 절터)에서 발견된 금동대향로(金銅大香爐)는 지금까지 상상조차 할 수 없던 찬란한 백제미술의 진수였다. 이 사건은 1400년 동안 적막했던 세월의 시공을 뛰어넘어 우리에게 다가온 백제금동대향로는 마치 무덤 속에 누워있던 조상이 몸을 일으켜 우리 앞에 현신(現身)한 것처럼 무엇인가 강력한 힘으로 우리에게 메시지를 전달 한 것이다. 21세기는 문화의 시대라고 말한다. 그러나 그 문화란 민족적이면서도 또한 민족을 뛰어넘지 않으면 안 된다는 것이 이 시대의 요청이다. 한마디로 민족없는 문화는 존재할 수 없지만, 민족만을 앞세운 문화 역시 존재할 수 없다는 것이다. 그것을 슬기롭게 헤쳐 나가는 길은 우리의 정체성을 회복하고 그 중심에서 다양한 문화를 포용하고 융화하는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 백제금동대향로의 조형적 특징을 인식하고, 향로에 내제된 백제인의 정신세계를 이해하며, 조형성을 현대적으로 재구성하여 백제문화상품에 접목 우리의 금속공예를 세계에 알리는 동시에 잊혀져가는 한국공예문화의 정체성과 한국공예가 나아가야할 방향을 모색하고자 한다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.89-105
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• 2005

The central aim of this thesis is to see if the structure of Palsangjeon(捌相殿) in Pubjoo Temple(法住寺), a five sto wooden pagoda in Chosen(朝鮮) Dynasty, was handed down from the ancient and middle ages. This study was performed through an analysis of Gilt-Bronze Pagoda built in Koryo(高麗) period. In other words, it is aimed at analyzing which lineage the structure of Palsangjeonbelongs to as a wooden pagoda. In analyzing the structure of Palsangjeon, I attempted to find out its source from the remains of Koryo period prior to the Chosen Dynasty. Examples are the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda, built during the Koryo period. I have also examined its relationship with other existing wooden pagodas and remains. The analysis of Palsangjeon, a five story wooden pagoda in Chosen Dynasty, focuses on the following: First, I explored the possibilities of whether the structure of Palsangjeon was newly invented in Chosen Dynasty, or if it had been derived from the wooden pagodas in the Koryo period. Secondly, I tried to find out if the stable vertical planes, with a great successive diminution ratio, were derived from the middle age, i.e. Koryo period. The results of the study of Palsangjeon through Gilt-Bronze Pagoda analysis are as follows: 1. The structure of Gilt-Bronze Pagoda, a wooden pagoda from the Koryo period, is roughly classified into the accumulation type, using pipe pillars, and the one story type using whole pillars. In the accumulation type, stories are connected in either a flat format or an intervening format. The Gilt-Bronze Pagoda is mainly composed of pipe pillars, with some whole pillars. However, the central pillar was omitted in the building structure. Generally, the upper and lower stories are connected by pipe pillars in a crutch format. All the pillars, whether they are pipe pillars or whole pillars, used Naiten(內轉) technology. The Eave supporter has the Haang type(下昻) and the Muhaang type(無下昻). In most cases, high balustrades are furnished, but few tables of high balustrades have been found. The slanting roof formats have been handed down from Paekche(百濟), Silla(新羅), or Koryo(高麗). However, the structure of the octagon is assumed to be derived from Koguryo(高句麗). The structure of the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda from the Koryo period is mainly composed of accumulated flat squares, with some spire types. intervening format, the structure of Palsangjeon used whole pillars in a half story format in which upper level side pillars are installed on the lower level tie beam. From the Bronze Pagoda from the Koryo period, we can assume that the half story format of wooden pagodas that has stable vertical planes with a great successive diminution ratio was created during the mid-Koryo period at the latest and had been idly developed by the time of the Chosen Dynasty. 3. The whole pillars in Palsangjeon are also found in Gilt-Bronze Pagodas from the Koryo period. Hence, all of the pillars in Palsangjeon seem to have been handed down from the ancient construction technology. They were also used in the construction of wooden pagodas from the Koryo period. Therefore, it is assumed that Palsangjeon was constructed using the construction technology of the Chosen Dynasty that had been developed from the wooden pagoda construction technology of the Koryo period. The stable vertical planes with a great successive diminution ratio in Palsangjeon are derived from ancient Korean wooden pagodas, which have developed into indigenous Korean wooden pagodas with fairly stable vertical planes and a great design, in the half story format of Koryo and Chosen Dynasty. Therefore, it is assumed that the structure of Palsangjeon has a systematic relationship with traditional Korean wooden pagodas and is one of the indigenous Korean wooden pagoda structures. 4. In China, the intervening format has been mainly used between stories in multi-story architecture since the ancient days. At the same time, the flat format as also used in ancient and middle ages. However, the flat format was replaced by whole pillars during the Ming(明) and Manchu(淸) Dynasties, in favor of simple and compact construction. The half-story format, in which upper level side pillars are installed on tie beams, has been found in some cases, but it doesn't seem to have been the primary construction technology. Few traces of the half-story format have been found in multi-story architecture in Japan, and it has not been used as a general construction format. By contrast, the half-story format, which seems to have been derived from the Koryo period, was used as a general construction format in multi-story architecture of the Chosen Dynasty. The construction technology of multi-story architecture is related to that of multi-story wooden pagodas, but they have different production technologies. It seems that the structure of Palsangjeon did not just adopt the construction technology of multi-story architecture in the Chosen Dynasty, but it was developed from wooden pagodas in the Koryo period, including the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda. 5. Since the ancient days, most Chinese and Japanese wooden pagodas have adopted an accumulation type of structure using pipe pillars, with accumulated pointed towers. On the other hand, though most Korean wooden pagodas have also adopted an accumulation type of structure from the ancientdays, one story type using whole pillars was created in the Koryo and Chosen Dynasties. The wooden pagoda structure of Palsangjeon, with stable vertical planes in a half story format, is a unique Korean construction technology, different from the construction technologies of Chinese and Japanese wooden pagodas. This thesis clearly determined the structural characteristics of Palsangjeon. However, various remains have yet to be analyzed in depth, to establish an accurate construction technology system. In the beginning of this thesis, I had difficulty in precisely interpreting the internal structure of the Gilt-Bronze Pagoda from its appearance. However, in the process of study, the more serious problem was that there are few remains or ruins of multi-story architecture in ancient and the middle ages of Korea. Therefore, it is urgent to discover various remains in the future. This thesis succeeded in determining the structural characteristics of Palsangjeon. However, it fell short of clarifying the structural lineage of the stable vertical planes, although they show indigenous Korean architectural taste, representing the unique national emotion, and the construction format of multi-story wooden pagodas in Korea. I hope this is clarified in the future research.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2008

In previous studies, we reported that sow which was transferred OPS-freezing embryos not able to deliver a piglet (Kim et al, 2004). This study was conducted to investigate a possibility of gilt as recipients which produce piglets after transfer of OPS-freezing embryos. All transferred embryos were prepared by in vitro production (IVP) system. In vitro culture (IVC) medium used glucose-free NCSU23 supplemented with 5mM sodium pyruvate, 0.5 mM sodium lactate and 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin for 2 days at $39^{\circ}C$. From day 3 of IVC, 10% fetal bovine serum albumin was added to the culture medium. In preparing of freezing embryos, embryos were treated with 7.5 $\mu g/ml$ cytochalasin-B for 30 min and centrifuged at $13,000{\times}g$ for 13 min. And then, embryos were exposed sequentially to an ethylene glycol (EG) solution, aspirated into open pulled straw (OPS), and plunged or thawed into the liquid nitrogen. In embryo transfer (ET), we used two kinds of type (surgical method vs. non-surgical method). In surgical method of embryo transfer, $55\sim65$ embryo were transferred in both uterine horn of two recipient gilts by plastic straw. Non-surgical method which is like artificial insemination was performed on three gilts. Each 140 frozen embryos were transferred to two gilts and 40 fresh embryos to one gilt. Pregnancy establishment was shown one recipient at 45 days after ET. However, the one recipient was also aborted at 58 days after ET. These results suggest that gilts can be considered as a candidate of recipients for OPS-freezing embryo transfer.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.618-630
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• 2018

현대 신발디자인은 형태적 변화뿐만이 아니라 문양을 통한 다양한 디자인 전개가 적극적으로 시도되고 있다. 그러나 이런 문양이 일시적인 유행에 그치지 않고 세계적인 경쟁력을 지닌 디자인으로서 지속적인 가치를 갖기 위해서는 우리나라의 고유한 정체성을 반영할 수 있는 문양을 개발해야할 것이며, 이것은 전통문양에 대한 분석이 선행됨으로써 가능해질 것이다. 문양은 집단적 가치의 상징으로, 전통문양은 현재까지 이어져 내려오면서 소속된 사회구성원의 철학적인 사상을 함축적으로 표현하기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전통신발 중 문양이 특징적 디자인 요소로 활용된 삼국시대의 금동신발을 분석했으며, 그 문양의 상징성은 시간과 공간의 초월(超越), 정신과 물질의 조화(調和), 지역과 종교의 융합(融合) 등으로 나타났다. 이것은 우리의 선조들이 자연의 한계를 인간 중심으로 해석, 극복하고, 현실을 넘어 이상을 추구하였으며 다양한 사상을 수용했다는 측면에서 인간중심주의, 이상주의, 포용주의를 나타낸다고 볼 수 있다.

• 복식
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2007

This study is considered about the fabrics culture of Baekje Period by analyzing the fabrics pieces at a inner part of the It-bronze shoes found at the tomb of King Mu-ryeong in 1971 AD. The analysis methods of the fabrics pieces are a photographing of fabrics pieces surface by VMS, Digital camera(Nikon Coolpix 995) and the analysis of samples by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. It is assumed this fabrics pieces are the inner shoes, which consisted of compound woven silk at outward, some of tabby and a hemp at inward and the braids for decoration, of the gilt-bronze shoes. The features are as follows. 1. All of compound woven silk are the warp-faced compound tabby of plain fabrics and the density is various from high to low one. Compound woven silk which is attached the gilt-bronze shoes of the tomb of King Mu-ryeong weaves in high density by a thick thread. The fibers material of compound woven silk prove to be a silk by the analysis of wrap samples by SEM, XRD and FT-IR. 2. Tabby are excavated under the condition which attached on reverse side of compound woven silk. Those ran classify two types. First, the fine weaving by high density of wrap and weft. Second, the loose warp weaving with one warp and some of weft. 3. Hemp is almost ramie by SEM analysis and the density is different. Ramie which supposed to be attached Guem has the very low density. In addition to, Ramie pieces, excavated in condition and weaved finely, proved the conspicuous weaving skill in Baekje period. 4. Various kinds of braid are found and these ones classifies by fiber material and entwining way. Two types out of these are the one of silk thread, decorates the upper, middle parts of compound woven silk shoes and the other of hemp thread, decorates the lower parts.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.296-305
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• 2020

Konbaung Dynasty was the last unified dynasty that ruled Myanmar from 18^th to 19^th century. During this time Buddhist art flourished in Myanmar due to the interest of the rulers toward their traditional culture. Metal decorative artifacts in the 18^th century are classified into structures and Buddha statues. They are further subdivided into gilt-bronze and bronze objects, depending on their material component. Three-dimensional gilt-bronze decorative artifacts were cast with a brass alloy of Cu-Zn-Sn-Pb and their surfaces were gilded with extremely thin gold leaves (less than 1 ㎛ in thickness). The gilded layer approximately comprised 10 wt% silver in addition to the main element, gold. The lack of Hg in the gilded layer, indicated that the amalgam gilding technique was not applied. The analysis results indicated that the lacquered gilding technique was applied to the objects. Bronze decorative artifacts without gilding were cast with materials containing Cu-Sn-Pb. The bronze pavilions and bronze Buddha staues were crafted using the same alloy of high-tin bronze, which approximately contained 20 wt% Sn. No heat treatment was applied to reduce the brittleness of the objects after they were cast with a large amount of Sn. The most significant difference between the gilt-bronze and bronze decorative artifacts lie in their elemental compositions. The gilt-bronze decorative artifacts with their gilded surface were manufactured using brass containing zinc, while the unplated bronze decorative artifacts were composed of bronze containing tin. Artifacts of the same type and size are classified differently depending on the materials utilized in the surface treatment such as gilding.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제4권
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• pp.57-61
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• 2003

경기도 양평에 위치한 수종사의 부도에서 고려시대 청자유개호와 금동제구층탑, 은제도금육각감 등이 발견되었다. 이들 중 금동제구층탑은 표면의 많은 부분이 구리 빛을 띄고 있고 기단부에 국부적으로 청동부식물이 관찰되므로 금동제로 알려져 있으며 문화재청에 등록된 공식 명칭 역시 '금동제'로 되어 있다. 그러나 표면 빛깔, 표면 상태, 청동부식물의 발생 정도 및 풍탁을 연결한 금속사 등 여러 측면에서 금제로 판단되어 과학적인 조사를 통하여 재질은 밝혀낼 필요성이 제시되었다. 이에 비파괴적인 방법으로 조사하였으며 그 결과 표면의 여러부분에서 가공 흔적이 관찰되고 도금의 흔적은 찾아볼 수 없었다. 또한 XRF 분석 결과 금과 은(16%)이 주성분을 이루고 불순물로 구리, 철 등이 포함되어 있어 금제로 판단되었다.

• 복식
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.96-107
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• 2012

In ancient times, immigrants from Baekje wore various kinds of costumes that provided technological and aesthetic guidance for the Japanese costume, which has been modified and changed in Japan. The clothing and ornaments were strongly influenced directly by costumes of the Baekje period; therefore, many of the Japanese costumes at that time were crafted in the Baekje style. Through the antique records, paintings of tombs and bequests, we were able to find similarities between Baekje and Japan costumes in these categories: clothes, headgear, belt hooks and belt plaques, bronze shoes, and ornaments. (1) Clothes : They wore high-shaped hat and jacket and trousers(;袴) tied the bottom. (2) Headgear : There was a gilt bronze Conical Cap attached to the long tube with terminals in the shape of a hemisphere. (3) Belt hooks and belt plaques: There were horse-shaped belt hooks in mane styles and a checkered pattern on the lower part of the haunch and a belt Plaque shaped like the face of an animal. (4) Gilt bronze shoes: They were made with the style that had two side plates fixed in the instep side and heel-side. (5) Ornaments : They were made with flower-shaped plaques and spiral-shaped decorations. One earring was made with a three-winged pendent that were connected in a chain style and the others were in unique forms that were made by connecting narrow rings and a heart-shaped pendent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1019-1025
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• 2014

This study was conducted to observe the effects of crossbreeding and gender on the carcass traits and meat quality of Korean Native Black Pig (KNP) and $KNP{\times}Duroc$ crossbred ($KNP{\times}D$). A total of 50 pigs comprising seven KNP barrows, eight KNP gilts, twenty $KNP{\times}D$ barrows and fifteen $KNP{\times}D$ gilts were used in this study. Animals were reared in the same housing condition with same feed diet for six months prior to slaughter. After an overnight chilling, the carcasses were graded, and samples of Musculus longissimus dorsi were obtained for meat quality analysis. The slaughter and carcass weights and dressing percentage of $KNP{\times}D$ were higher (p<0.001) than those of KNP. The slaughter and carcass weights and backfat thickness of barrows were higher (p<0.01) than those of gilts. There were no significant difference in carcass conformation and quality grade between KNP and $KNP{\times}D$ as well as barrow and gilt. Fat content of $KNP{\times}D$ was higher (p<0.001) than that of KNP. Fat content of barrow was higher (p<0.001) than that of gilt. There was interaction between crossbreeding and gender on the fat content. KNP gilt showed higher fat content than KNP barrow whereas $KNP{\times}D$ barrow showed higher fat content than $KNP{\times}D$ gilt. Lightness, redness, yellowness, chroma and hue angle values and color preference of meat of $KNP{\times}D$ were lower (p<0.001) than those of KNP. Redness, yellowness and chroma values of meat of barrow were lower (p<0.05) than those of gilt. It is concluded that crossbreeding KNP with Duroc increases carcass productivity and meat fat but decreases meat color values and preference. Crossbreeding of KNP with Duroc produces a better fat deposition in meat of barrows than in gilts.