• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2006

To investigate additive effects of endocrine disruptors, we have histopathologically studied the exchanges of the reproductive organ to ovariectomized ICR mice. Female ICR mice were ovariectomized and then treated with endocrine disruptors after two weeks. Macroscopic exchanges, which were body weight, feed and water intake, of all groups were not seen during experiment period. Histopathological changes of uterine epithelial cells, vaginal epithelial cells, mammary glands and the diameter in uterine tubles were observed. In the results, the histopathological sensitivity to endocrine disruptors effect was more seen to the vaginal epithelial cell height than others. The additive estrogenic effects of endocrine disruptors, which were combinations of DEHP, DBP and BPA, were seen with E2 and BPA treatments. These results offers a sysmatic and mechanistically informative approach to assessing estrogenicity. It provides a useful profile of activity using a reasonable amount of resources and is compatible with the study of individual chemicals as well as the investigation of interactions among combinations of chemicals.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.300-308
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the utilization of low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal supplementation in LFM diet as a fish meal (FM) replacer or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Three LFM diets were prepared to contain 30, 25, and 20% FM, respectively (designated as F30, F25, and F20). Three BSF diets were prepared by adding 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% BSF in the LFM diets, respectively (designated as F30B2.0, F25B2.5, and F20B3.0). A total of 540 fish (initial mean body weight: 22.3±0.01g) were randomly distributed into 18 tanks (240 L) in triplicate groups and fed the experimental diets twice daily for 12 weeks. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the growth performance, feed utilization and survival among all the groups. Lysozyme activity significantly increased in F30B2.0 and F25B2.5 groups compared to their respective LFM groups. Total immunoglobulin was significantly higher in F30 group than in F20 group. Anti-protease and myeloperoxidase activities were significantly higher in F30B2.0 group than in F20 group. Innate immunity gradually decreased with decreasing FM level in all the groups. BSF supplementation significantly improved immunity compared to their respective LFM diets. Therefore, BSF could be used as an immuno-stimulant supplement in LFM diets for P. olivaceus.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.217-224
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of food-waste(FW) between weeks(0, 1, 2, 3, 4 week) and additive levels(0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20%) on egg production and egg qualify in laying hens. One hundred sixty two White Leghorn laying hens at fifty weeks of age were used for this work. There was no significant difference on feed intake, egg production, and egg weight among all treatments. But, 20% FW group was decreased at 1, 2, and 3 week on egg production and it was recovered at 4 weeks(p<0.05). There was no difference on the eggshell thickness and egg yolk index among all treatments. However, eggshell breaking strength were $4.13kg/cm^2\;and\;4.04kg/cm^2$ at 3 week and 4 week, individually, and there was difference on eggshell breaking strength(p<0.05). Haugh unit and egg yolk color were high at 20% FW group as 92.3 and 9.4, individually, and there was shown the significant increasing in weeks and additive levels(p<0.05). Conclusionally, 20% FW group was decreased on egg production, while 5% FW group was maintained on egg production, and haugh unit and egg yolk color were cleary developed. Therefore, if the nutrients balance of FW diets were controlled, FW diets will be used with one of the valuable feed sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1092-1099
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine the additivity of apparent or true digestibility of phosphorus (P) in soybean meal (SBM), peas, faba beans, corn, oats, broken rice meal, rough rice meal, buckwheat, and sorghum for growing pigs. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as a digestion marker in both experiments. Each experiment lasted for 12 d, which consisted of a 7-d dietary adaptation period followed by a 5-d fecal collection period. Experiment 1 involved 6 diets: the SBM-based control diet; 4 diets with corn, oats, rough rice meal and broken rice meal substituted for SBM; and an additional diet with a representative mixture of the 5 ingredients. In Experiment 2, 6 diets were prepared similarly, except that the tested ingredients besides SBM were faba beans, peas, buckwheat, and sorghum. In each experiment, six barrows with an initial average individual BW of 20.5 kg were fed one of the six diets according to a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design. The apparent and true P digestibility values for the nine tested ingredients were determined by the substitution method. There were no differences (p>0.05) between the determined and the predicted true P digestibility values for the mixture of ingredients in Experiments 1 and 2. However, the determined and the predicted apparent P digestibility values for the mixture of ingredients differed (p = 0.059) in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. These results indicate that true P digestibility values are additive in ingredients containing low levels of phytate phosphorus and anti-nutritional factors, whereas the apparent P digestibility values are not always additive in single feed ingredients for growing pigs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.896-904
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the probiotic characteristics and immune activities of selected lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains as feed additives in livestock. 301 LAB strains isolated from traditional fermented foods were first assessed for their antibacterial activity potential. Of the 301 isolates, five showed antibacterial activity against five livestock pathogens (Esherichia coli KCCM11234, Listeria monocytogens KCTC3710, Salmonella Typhimurium KCTC1926, Staphylococcus aureus KCCM11593, and Shigella flexneri KCTC2517). The probiotic characteristics of the five selected strains were also investigated by antioxidative activity, hemolysis, bile salt hydrolase, acid resistance and bile tolerance. The SRCM102607 strain was found to have superior probiotic properties and was selected for further experimentation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that SRCM102607 is Pediococcus acidilactici, which was labeled as P. acidilactici SRCM102607 (KCCM 12246P). The survival characteristics of P. acidilactici SRCM102607 in artificial gastrointestinal conditions were assessed under exposed acidic (pH 2.0) and bile (0.5% and 1.0%) conditions. P. acidilactici SRCM102607 was also confirmed to have resistance to various antibiotics, including amikacin, gentamicin, vancomycin, and etc. The TNF-α production by P. acidilactici SRCM102607 was 171.86±4.00 ng/ml. These results show that P. acidilactici RCM102607 has excellent potential for use as a probiotic livestock feed additive.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2013

This study was conducted in order to develop slaughterhouse rumen content (SRC) as a potential feed additive. The moisture content of SRC can reach 80%, and therefore an appropriate dewatering process is required before it can be used. In this study, the effects of heating temperature, heating time, and filler content during the dewatering process on the activity of various enzymes in SRC were investigated. The Box-Behnken experimental design was employed, involving a total of 45 experimental runs, consisting of three variables (heating time, heating temperature, and filler content) with three levels per variable (12, 30 and 48 hr; 60, 75 and $90^{\circ}C$; 12, 22.5 and 33% for heating time, heating temperature, and filler content, respectively). For enzyme activities, xylanase, cellulase, and amylase were examined, and the results were subjected to an analysis of variance. Heating time, heating temperature and filler content had significant effects on the activity of each enzyme (p<0.05). Cellulase and amylase activities decreased (p<0.05) at elevated heating temperatures, whereas xylanase was reasonably stable around $90^{\circ}C$. The activities of all enzymes decreased (p<0.05) with increased heating time. Optimum filler contents for xylanase, cellulase, and amylase activities were 22.5, 12 and 33%, respectively. However, optimum conditions for all variables that simultaneously maximize the activity of all three enzymes could not be ascertained in this study. Nevertheless, the results from the current study can be useful as basic information for the development of SRC as a feed additive enriched with improved major enzymes for livestock feed digestion.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

Two feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of fermented cactus fruit (Opuntia ficusindica) fluid (FCFF) as a feed additive to a commercial diet on the growth of red sea bream, Pagrus major, and to determine an effective dose. FCFF was prepared by mixing crushed cactus fruit with a starch solution and commercially available microorganisms for 2 weeks at room temperature. Three triplicate groups of red sea bream had initial mean weights of 84.1 g (Exp-1) and 5.1 g (Exp-2) and were fed experimental diets containing 0%, 1%, and 5% FCFF for 2 months (Exp-1) and 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% FCFF for 3 months (Exp-2), respectively. In experiment 1, the mean body weight of fish fed the diet containing 1% FCFF was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed the diet without FCFF. The survival rate was highest in fish fed the diet containing 1% FCFF, although the difference was not statistically significant. The feed gain ratio (FGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and condition factor (CF) values of fish fed the diet containing 1% FCFF were higher than those of fish in the other dietary groups that received lower levels of FCFF. The daily feeding rate (DFR) of fish fed the diet containing 1% FCFF was slightly lower but not statistically different than the DFR values of fish in the other dietary groups. In experiment 2, the final mean body weight of fish fed the diet containing 1% FCFF was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the mean weight of fish in the control group. The FGR, SGR, and CF values of fish fed the diet containing 1% FCFF were better than the values from fish in the other dietary groups that received lower levels of FCFF, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, the DFR of fish fed the diet containing 1% FCFF was lower than those of fish in the other groups. These results suggest that FCFF could be used as a feed additive in commercial fish food and a preferable level of supplementation is at least 1.0% in fingerling and young red sea bream.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of organic medicinal charcoal as a feed additive on aflatoxin absorption, odor emission, fecal microflora and in vitro digestibility in pig diet. A 10-day trial was conducted with 20 [(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc] finishing pigs ($BW=81{\pm}3.3kg$) to investigate the population of Lactobacillus and E. coli in feces and fecal odor ($NH_3$, $H_2S$, total mercaptans, and Acetic acid) in vivo. The in vitro and in vivo treatments included: control (basal diet; CON); (basal diet + 0.25% Organic Medicinal Charcoal; OMC); (basal diet + 0.50% Pyroligneous Charcoal; PC); and (basal diet + 0.50% Coconut tree Charcoal; CC). The aflatoxin absorption capacity was 100, 10, and 20% in OMC, PC, and CC, respectively. The digestibility of dry matter in OMC was significantly higher than that of CON, PC, or CC in vitro (p < 0.05). The digestibility of organic matter in OMC was found to be significantly different from that of CON (p < 0.05). Fecal ammonia and $H_2S$ emissions of OMC were observed to be significantly lower than those of CON, PC, and CC (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus counts in feces of OMC and CC were significantly higher than those of CON and PC (p < 0.05). Fecal E. coli counts of OMC and CC were lower than those of CON and PC (p < 0.05). It was concluded that organic medicinal charcoal can be used as a feed additive in pig diets because it improves the digestibility of feed and fecal odor, and has positive effects on the population of microorganism in feces.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2022

Thirty-six weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 8.43 ± 0.40 kg (28 days of age, ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) were randomly assigned to 6 treatments for a 2-week feeding trial to determine the effects of different inorganic zinc (IZ), organic zinc (OZ) or combination of low crude protein diet (LP) and Mixed feed additive (MFA) on diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, zinc utilization, blood profiles, organ weight, and fecal microflora in weaned piglet diet. The pigs were individually placed in 45 × 55 × 45 cm stainless steel metabolism cages in an environmentally controlled room (30 ± 1℃). The dietary treatments included a negative control (NC), positive control (PC; zinc oxide, 1,000 mg/kg), T1 (IZ : OZ, 850 : 150), T2 (IZ : OZ 700 : 300), T3 (IZ : OZ, 500 : 500), and T4 (LP + MFA [0.1% Essential oils + 0.08% Protease + 0.02% Xylanase]). The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW^0.75). This allowance was divided into two equal parts, and the piglets were fed at 08 : 30 and 17 : 30 each day. Water was provided ad libitum through a drinking nipple. The diarrhea score was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in NC treatment compared with other treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 treatment compared with the PC and NC treatments in week 1. In week 2, the ATTD of DM, N, and GE was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the NC treatment compared with other treatments. The T3 treatment had significantly higher (p < 0.05) ATTD and apparent ileal digestibility of zinc than the PC and T1 treatments. The Escherichia coli count in feces was significantly decreased in the T4 treatment compared with the NC and T2 treatments. The Lactobacillus count in feces was significantly increased in the T4 and T1 treatment compared with the T2 and T3 treatments. In conclusion, IZ : OZ 500 : 500 levels could improve nutrient digestibility and zinc utilization in weaned piglets, Moreover, MFA in LP diets could be used as a zinc alternative.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.240-247
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• 2023

This experiment investigated the effects of feed additives of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (SQN) extract on Landrace pigs on economic traits such as the quality, physiological characteristics, and productivity. Sixteen pigs with an average age of 154 days were selected as experimental subjects. The experiment was conducted by dividing the group into eight pigs for the supplementation group, feeding with SQN extract, and another eight for the control group feeding without SQN extract. Water was fed ad libitum. On the 30th day, there was no significant difference between meat quality and productivity. However, the glucose and thyroxine were statistically lower with the supplementation group than with the control group (p<0.05). Also, the levels of creatinine difference between 1.18 ± 0.12 mg/㎗ with the supplementation group and 0.70 ± 0.06 mg/㎗ with the control group (p<0.05). However, all serum biochemistry values were within a normal range, with no health problems. The present study will help solve the problem of reducing the diversity of plant species in Halla Mountain by increasing the availability of the SQN as a pig feed additive.