Effects of different inorganic: organic zinc ratios or combination of low crude protein diet and mixed feed additive in weaned piglet diets |
Oh, Han Jin
(Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University)
Kim, Myung Hoo (Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University) Lee, Ji Hwan (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Kim, Yong Ju (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) An, Jae Woo (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Chang, Se Yeon (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Go, Young Bin (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Song, Dong Cheol (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Cho, Hyun Ah (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Jo, Min Seok (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Kim, Dae Young (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) Kim, Min Ji (Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration) Cho, Sung Bo (Traditional Mongolian Medicine Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities) Kim, Hyeun Bum (Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University) Cho, Jin Ho (Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University) |
1 | Petry AL, Patience JF. Xylanase supplementation in corn-based swine diets: a review with emphasis on potential mechanisms of action. J Anim Sci. 2020;98:skaa318. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa318 DOI |
2 | Mafa MS, Malgas S, Pletschke BI. Feruloyl esterase (FAE-1) sourced from a termite hindgut and GH10 xylanases synergy improves degradation of arabinoxylan. AMB Express. 2021;11:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01180-1 DOI |
3 | Arzola-Alvarez C, Hume ME, Anderson RC, Latham EA, Ruiz-Barrera O, Castillo-Castillo Y, et al. Influence of sodium chlorate, ferulic acid, and essential oils on Escherichia coli and porcine fecal microbiota. J Anim Sci. 2020;98:skaa059. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa059 DOI |
4 | Kim SW, Chen H, Parnsen W. Regulatory role of amino acids in pigs fed on protein-restricted diets. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2019;20:132-8. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203719666180517100746 DOI |
5 | Satessa GD, Kjeldsen NJ, Mansouryar M, Hansen HH, Bache JK, Nielsen MO. Effects of alternative feed additives to medicinal zinc oxide on productivity, diarrhoea incidence and gut development in weaned piglets. Animal. 2020;14:1638-46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731120000154 DOI |
6 | Wei X, Tsai T, Howe S, Zhao J. Weaning induced gut dysfunction and nutritional interventions in nursery pigs: a partial review. Animals. 2021;11:1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051279 DOI |
7 | Mavromichalis I, Webel DM, Parr EN, Baker DH. Growth-promoting efficacy of pharmacological doses of tetrabasic zinc chloride in diets for nursery pigs. Can J Anim Sci. 2001;81:387-91. https://doi.org/10.4141/A01-005 DOI |
8 | Hill GM, Mahan DC, Carter SD, Cromwell GL, Ewan RC, Harrold RL, et al. Effect of pharmacological concentrations of zinc oxide with or without the inclusion of an antibacterial agent on nursery pig performance. J Anim Sci. 2001;79:934-41. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.794934x DOI |
9 | Vahjen W, Pieper R, Zentek J. Increased dietary zinc oxide changes the bacterial core and enterobacterial composition in the ileum of piglets. J Anim Sci. 2011;89:2430-9. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3270 DOI |
10 | Johansen M, Jorgensen L, Schultz MS. Effect of zinc and organic acids on diarrhoea in the weaner period. Copenhagen: SEGES; 2007. |
11 | Nitrayova S, Windisch W, von Heimendahl E, Muller A, Bartelt J. Bioavailability of zinc from different sources in pigs. J Anim Sci. 2012;90:185-7. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.53895 DOI |
12 | Knoell DL, Liu MJ. Impact of zinc metabolism on innate immune function in the setting of sepsis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010;80:271-7. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000034 DOI |
13 | Heo JM, Kim JC, Hansen CF, Mullan BP, Hampson DJ, Pluske JR. Feeding a diet with decreased protein content reduces indices of protein fermentation and the incidence of postweaning diarrhea in weaned pigs challenged with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. J Anim Sci. 2009;87:2833-43. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1274 DOI |
14 | Rossi B, Toschi A, Piva A, Grilli E. Single components of botanicals and nature-identical compounds as a non-antibiotic strategy to ameliorate health status and improve performance in poultry and pigs. Nutr Res Rev. 2020;33:218-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422420000013 DOI |
15 | Sauer W, Cervantes M, Yanez J, Araiza B, Murdoch G, Morales A, et al. Effect of dietary inclusion of benzoic acid on mineral balance in growing pigs. Livest Sci. 2009;122:162-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.08.008 DOI |
16 | Cho JH, Liu SD, Yun W, Kim KS, Kim IH. Effect of supplemented microencapsulated zinc oxide and organic acids and pure botanicals on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, feces microflora, and zinc level of feces in weanling pigs. Can J Anim Sci. 2018;99:66-73. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0114 DOI |
17 | Haase H, Rink L. The immune system and the impact of zinc during aging. Immun Ageing. 2009;6:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4933-6-9 DOI |
18 | Ma Y, Huang Q, Lv M, Wu Z, Xie Z, Han X, et al. Chitosan-Zn chelate increases antioxidant enzyme activity and improves immune function in weaned piglets. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2014;158:45-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-014-9910-1 DOI |
19 | Jiao Y, Li X, Kim IH. Changes in growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune blood profiles, fecal microbial and fecal gas emission of growing pigs in response to zinc aspartic acid chelate. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2020;33:597-604. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0057 DOI |
20 | Heo JM, Kim JC, Hansen CF, Mullan BP, Hampson DJ, Pluske JR. Effects of feeding low protein diets to piglets on plasma urea nitrogen, faecal ammonia nitrogen, the incidence of diarrhoea and performance after weaning. Arch Anim Nutr. 2008;62:343-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390802327811 DOI |
21 | Lee JH, Kim HB, Yun W, Kwak WG, Lee CH, Oh HJ, et al. Effects of reducing dietary crude protein and metabolic energy in weaned piglets. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2017;47:574-81. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v47i4.16 DOI |
22 | Park S, Lee JJ, Yang BM, Cho JH, Kim S, Kang J, et al. Dietary protease improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. J Anim Sci Technol. 2020;62:21-30. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2020.62.1.21 DOI |
23 | Zhang Y, Ward TL, Ji F, Peng C, Zhu L, Gong L, et al. Effects of zinc sources and levels of zinc amino acid complex on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters in weanling pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2018;31:1267-74. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0739 DOI |
24 | Bonetti A, Tugnoli B, Piva A, Grilli E. Towards zero zinc oxide: feeding strategies to manage post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Animals. 2021;11:642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030642 DOI |
25 | Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. Anim Nutr. 2018;4:126-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.001 DOI |
26 | Yu T, Zhu C, Chen S, Gao L, Lv H, Feng R, et al. Dietary high zinc oxide modulates the microbiome of ileum and colon in weaned piglets. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00825 DOI |
27 | Zuo J, Ling B, Long L, Li T, Lahaye L, Yang C, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression of weaned piglets. Anim Nutr. 2015;1:276-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2015.10.003 DOI |
28 | Li MZ, Huang JT, Tsai YH, Mao SY, Fu CM, Lien TF. Nanosize of zinc oxide and the effects on zinc digestibility, growth performances, immune response and serum parameters of weanling piglets. Anim Sci J. 2016;87:1379-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12579 DOI |
29 | Hohler D, Pallauf J. Untersuchungen zum einfluss von Citronensaure auf die mineralstoffverwertung beim ferkel anhand einer mais-soja-Diat mit und ohne Zn-erganzung. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 1993;69:133-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1993.tb00797.x DOI |
30 | Upton RN. Organ weights and blood flows of sheep and pig for physiological pharmacokinetic modelling. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2008;58:198-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2008.08.001 DOI |
31 | Li P, Piao X, Ru Y, Han X, Xue L, Zhang H. Effects of adding essential oil to the diet of weaned pigs on performance, nutrient utilization, immune response and intestinal health. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2012;25:1617-26. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12292 DOI |
32 | Lei XJ, Kim IH. Low dose of coated zinc oxide is as effective as pharmacological zinc oxide in promoting growth performance, reducing fecal scores, and improving nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2018;245:117-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.06.011 DOI |
33 | Hu CH, Gu LY, Luan ZS, Song J, Zhu K. Effects of montmorillonite-zinc oxide hybrid on performance, diarrhea, intestinal permeability and morphology of weanling pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2012;177:108-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.028 DOI |
34 | Yan L, Wang JP, Kim HJ, Meng QW, Ao X, Hong SM, et al. Influence of essential oil supplementation and diets with different nutrient densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality and fecal noxious gas content in grower-finisher pigs. Livest Sci. 2010;128:115-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.008 DOI |
35 | Platel K, Srinivasan K. Digestive stimulant action of spices: a myth or reality? Indian J Med Res. 2004;119:167-79. |
36 | Zhai H, Liu H, Wang S, Wu J, Kluenter AM. Potential of essential oils for poultry and pigs. Anim Nutr. 2018;4:179-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.005 DOI |
37 | Star L, van der Klis JD, Rapp C, Ward TL. Bioavailability of organic and inorganic zinc sources in male broilers. Poult Sci. 2012;91:3115-20. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02314 DOI |
38 | He X, Yu B, He J, Huang Z, Mao X, Zheng P, et al. Effects of xylanase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and intestinal health in weaned piglets. Livest Sci. 2020;233:103940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103940 DOI |
39 | Fairbrother JM, Nadeau E, Gyles CL. Escherichia coli in postweaning diarrhea in pigs: an update on bacterial types, pathogenesis, and prevention strategies. Anim Health Res Rev. 2005;6:17-39. https://doi.org/10.1079/AHR2005105 DOI |
40 | Lalles JP, Bosi P, Smidt H, Stokes CR. Weaning - a challenge to gut physiologists. Livest Sci. 2007;108:82-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.091 DOI |
41 | Holodova M, Cobanova K, Sefcikova Z, Barszcz M, Tusnio A, Taciak M, et al. Dietary zinc and fibre source can influence the mineral and antioxidant status of piglets. Animals. 2019;9:497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080497 DOI |
42 | Zhang B, Guo Y. Beneficial effects of tetrabasic zinc chloride for weanling piglets and the bioavailability of zinc in tetrabasic form relative to ZnO. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2007;135:75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.006 DOI |
43 | Pei X, Xiao Z, Liu L, Wang G, Tao W, Wang M, et al. Effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles supplementation on growth performance, zinc status, intestinal morphology, microflora population, and immune response in weaned pigs. J Sci Food Agric. 2019;99:1366-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9312 DOI |
44 | Sales J. Effects of pharmacological concentrations of dietary zinc oxide on growth of post-weaning pigs: a meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2013;152:343-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9638-3 DOI |
45 | Borah S, Sarmah BC, Chakravarty P, Naskar S, Dutta DJ, Kalita D. Effect of zinc supplementation on serum biochemicals in grower pig. J Appl Anim Res. 2014;42:244-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2013.824888 DOI |
46 | Zhao Y, Tian G, Chen D, Zheng P, Yu J, He J, et al. Effects of varying levels of dietary protein and net energy on growth performance, nitrogen balance and faecal characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Rev Bras Zootec. 2019;48:e20180021. https://doi.org/10.1590/rbz4820180021 DOI |
47 | Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim TH, Song MH, Yun W, Oh HJ, et al. Effect of low protein diets added with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets and growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Technol. 2021;63:491-500. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2021.e49 DOI |
48 | Han YM, Roneker KR, Pond WG, Lei XG. Adding wheat middlings, microbial phytase, and citric acid to corn-soybean meal diets for growing pigs may replace inorganic phosphorus supplementation. J Anim Sci. 1998;76:2649-56. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.76102649x DOI |
49 | Jongbloed AW, Mroz Z, van der Weij-Jongbloed R, Kemme PA. The effects of microbial phytase, organic acids and their interaction in diets for growing pigs. Livest Prod Sci. 2000;67:113-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00179-2 DOI |
50 | Zeng Z, Xu X, Zhang Q, Li P, Zhao P, Li Q, et al. Effects of essential oil supplementation of a low-energy diet on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora, immune properties and antioxidant activities in weaned pigs. Anim Sci J. 2015;86:279-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12277 DOI |
51 | National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th rev. ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2012. |
52 | Furbeyre H, van Milgen J, Mener T, Gloaguen M, Labussiere E. Effects of dietary supplementation with freshwater microalgae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health in weaned piglets. Animal. 2017;11:183-92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731116001543 DOI |
53 | Schlegel P, Sauvant D, Jondreville C. Bioavailability of zinc sources and their interaction with phytates in broilers and piglets. Animal. 2013;7:47-59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001000 DOI |
54 | Wang H, Kim KP, Kim IH. Evaluation of the combined effects of different dose levels of zinc oxide with probiotics complex supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal microbiota, noxious gas emissions and faecal score of weaning pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2021;105:286-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13493 DOI |
55 | Halas D, Heo JM, Hansen CF, Kim JC, Hampson DJ, Mullan BP, et al. Organic acids, prebiotics and protein level as dietary tools to control the weaning transition and reduce post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets. CAB Rev Perspect Agric Vet Sci Nutr Nat Resour. 2007;2:079. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20072079 DOI |
56 | Poulsen HD. Zinc and copper as feed additives, growth factors or unwanted environmental factors. J Anim Feed Sci. 1998;7:135-42. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/69961/1998 DOI |
57 | Li BT, Van Kessel AG, Caine WR, Huang SX, Kirkwood RN. Small intestinal morphology and bacterial populations in ileal digesta and feces of newly weaned pigs receiving a high dietary level of zinc oxide. Can J Anim Sci. 2001;81:511-6. https://doi.org/10.4141/A01-043 DOI |
58 | Sun YB, Xia T, Wu H, Zhang WJ, Zhu YH, Xue JX, et al. Effects of nano zinc oxide as an alternative to pharmacological dose of zinc oxide on growth performance, diarrhea, immune responses, and intestinal microflora profile in weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2019;258:114312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114312 DOI |
59 | Mkabayi L, Malgas S, Wilhelmi BS, Pletschke BI. Evaluating feruloyl esterase-xylanase synergism for hydroxycinnamic acid and xylo-oligosaccharide production from untreated, hydrothermally pre-treated and dilute-acid pre-treated corn cobs. Agronomy. 2020;10:688. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050688 DOI |
60 | Heo JM, Opapeju FO, Pluske JR, Kim JC, Hampson DJ, Nyachoti CM. Gastrointestinal health and function in weaned pigs: a review of feeding strategies to control post-weaning diarrhoea without using in-feed antimicrobial compounds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2013;97:207-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01284.x DOI |
61 | Opapeju FO, Krause DO, Payne RL, Rademacher M, Nyachoti CM. Effect of dietary protein level on growth performance, indicators of enteric health, and gastrointestinal microbial ecology of weaned pigs induced with postweaning colibacillosis. J Anim Sci. 2009;87:2635-43. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1310 DOI |
62 | Oh HJ, Park YJ, Cho JH, Song MH, Gu BH, Yun W, et al. Changes in diarrhea score, nutrient digestibility, zinc utilization, intestinal immune profiles, and fecal microbiome in weaned piglets by different forms of zinc. Animals. 2021;11:1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051356 DOI |
63 | Ward TL, Asche GL, Louis GF, Pollmann DS. Zinc-methionine improves growth performance of starter pigs. J Anim Sci. 1996;74:182. |
64 | Fang LH, Jin YH, Do SH, Hong JS, Kim BO, Han TH, et al. Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Technol. 2019;61:204-15. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2019.61.4.204 DOI |
65 | Petry AL, Patience JF, Koester LR, Huntley NF, Bedford MR, Schmitz-Esser S. Xylanase modulates the microbiota of ileal mucosa and digesta of pigs fed corn-based arabinoxylans likely through both a stimbiotic and prebiotic mechanism. PLOS ONE. 2021;16:e0246144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246144 DOI |
66 | O'Doherty JV, Bouwhuis MA, Sweeney T. Novel marine polysaccharides and maternal nutrition to stimulate gut health and performance in post-weaned pigs. Anim Prod Sci. 2017;57:2376-85. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN17272 DOI |
67 | Case CL, Carlson MS. Effect of feeding organic and inorganic sources of additional zinc on growth performance and zinc balance in nursery pigs. J Anim Sci. 2002;80:1917-24. https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.8071917x DOI |
68 | Schlegel P, Nys Y, Jondreville C. Zinc availability and digestive zinc solubility in piglets and broilers fed diets varying in their phytate contents, phytase activity and supplemented zinc source. Animal. 2010;4:200-9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731109990978 DOI |
![]() |