• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.41-55
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parenting behavior and peer interaction on externalizing problem behaviors of preschoolers. The data of 953 49~55 month old preschoolers and their parents were extracted from the Korean Children Panel Survey of Child-Care Policy Research Institute(2012). This study was conducted with Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). The results of this study were as follows. First, parenting behavior had a direct influence on externalizing problem behaviors of preschoolers. Second, parenting behavior had a direct influence on preschoolers' peer interaction. Third, preschoolers' peer interaction had a direct influence on externalizing problem behaviors of preschoolers. Fourth, preschoolers' peer interaction had mediating effects on the relationship between parenting behavior and externalizing problem behaviors of preschoolers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.139-150
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• 2010

The main purpose of this study was to examine pathways from maternal parenting behavior to externalizing problem behavior through deviant peer affiliation and self-concept. A sample of 405 high school students (184 boys and 221girls) in the Gyeonggi-do region of South Korea completed questionnaires focusing on maternal monitoring and adolescent deviant peer affiliation, self-concept, and externalizing problem behavior. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results demonstrated that maternal monitoring indirectly influences adolescent externalizing problem behavior through deviant peer affiliation and/or self-concept. When maternal monitoring was perceived as low by adolescents, they were more involved with deviant peers. This was followed by a more negative self-concept. Finally, negative self-concept resulted in more externalizing problem behavior by adolescents. The results emphasize that deviant peer affiliation plays a crucial role in increasing adolescent externalizing problem behavior.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.541-553
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• 2018

This study examined the influences of infants' age for the first use of smart devices and the amount of time to use them on the externalizing problem behavior as well as investigated whether maternal managing behavior (setting rules on accessing smart devices and monitoring their child's use of smart devices) had moderating effects. The study participants consisted of 521 three to six year old infants (235 boys and 286 girls). The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and a hierarchical regression. The results of this study indicated that the age at first use of smart devices and maternal managing behavior had significant effects on the externalizing problem behavior of infants. The earlier the infants first used smart devices, the higher the level of externalizing problem behavior. Externalizing problem behavior was also found to be higher when the mothers showed no managing behavior. Second, maternal managing behavior moderated the relation between the age at first use of smart devices and the externalizing problem behavior of infants. The effects of the age at first use of smart devices on the externalizing problem behavior of infants were greater when the mothers did not set rules regarding the use of smart devices and did not supervise children when using smart devices.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.179-198
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• 2014

The main purpose of this study was to examine direct and indirect effects of mothers' depression on preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. A total of 155 mothers with preschoolers aged 3 and 4 years (83 boys and 72 girls) living in Seoul participated in this study. Mothers completed questionnaires on mothers' depression, parenting behavior, and preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. Direct and indirect pathways from mothers' depression to preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). First, it was revealed that mothers' depression did not directly affect preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. Second, mothers' depression indirectly influenced preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors through mothers' parenting behavior. Mothers who reported higher levels of depression showed less warmth/acceptance and more rejection/restriction towards their children, which led to higher levels of preschoolers' externalizing problem behaviors. These findings emphasize the importance of positive parenting by mothers in reducing preschoolers' problem behaviors.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.371-382
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• 2014

This study investigated the relationships among individual factors, family factors, peer relationships and the internalizing and externalizing behaviors of adolescents. The data were obtained from a sample of 417 7th and 8th grade students. These data were collected with questionnaires and analyzed by using a t-test, Pearson's correlation, and a multiple regression analysis with SPSS ver. 18.0. The results can be summarized as follows. There is a significant difference in an adolescent's self-control, their father's rejective rearing, peer pressure, and the peer relationship between boys and girls. The results showed that boys had higher self-esteem and father's rejective rearing than girls. On the other hand, girls had higher peer pressure and more intimate peer relationships than boys. The results revealed that the 7th grade students had higher self-esteem and mother's warmth rearing than the 8th graders. Furthermore, the 8th grade students showed higher shame, mother's rejective rearing, marital conflict, internalizing behavior, and externalizing behavior than the 7th graders. The internalizing behavior in boys was influenced by shame, marital conflict, and peer pressure. In the case of girls, the internalizing behavior was affected by shame, mother's warmth rearing, and peer pressure. The externalizing behavior in boys was influenced by self-control and shame. In the case of girls, the externalizing behavior was affected by self-control, shame, marital conflict, and peer pressure. Adolescents who exhibited higher levels of shame than others and higher peer pressure showed internalizing problem behaviors. Adolescents who had less self-control and more shame, experienced more externalizing behavior problems.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.578-587
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the food behavior during the childhood, the influence of food behavior on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and the pattern of influence of food behavior on behavior problem depending on children's age and gender. A total of 171 children aged 5 and 6 years were selected who attended 3 nurseries and 1 kindergarten in Seoul, and the survey data responded by teachers were analyzed. The results were as follows. First, children with higher levels of food behavior showed less internalizing behavior problems compared to those with lower levels of food behavior. The main effects and interaction of gender and age were not significant. Second, children with higher levels of food behavior showed less externalizing behavior problems compared to those with lower levels of food behavior. For hyperactivity, interaction of age and food behavior was significant, and age and the interaction of age and food behavior affected children's agression. Food behavior of children affects behavior problem and, therefore, children with better food behavior showed less behavior problems in the same circumstances.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2023

For proper socialization of children the psychological and emotional state of parents that affect children is very important. Recently, while interest in various psychological behavioral problems of children has increased, various studies have been conducted on parental psychology that affects children's emotions. In particular, due to COVID-19, stress has increased throughout society, and it has made parental psychology and childrearing more difficult. Therefore, we aim to investigate the effects of psychological factors, among the variables of various parents that affect children's problem behavior in this study. As a result of this study, it can be confirmed that there is a difference in the effect of parental depression on children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Parental depression had a significant positive effect on children's internalizing behavior with 𝛽 =.34, p<.001. In other words, the higher the parents' depression, the higher the child's internalization behavior. And parental depression was found to have a significant effect on children's externalizing behavior, with 𝛽 =.81, p<.001. This also means that the higher the parents' depression, the higher the child's externalizing behavior. Therefore, it can be seen that parental depression is an important factor influencing both children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.69-82
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• 2016

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preschooler temperament and maternal postnatal depression, depression, and parenting stress on preschooler externalizing problem behavior. Methods: The participants consisted of 98 preschoolers (ages 4-5 years) and their mothers. The subjects completed the following questionnaires: Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Parenting Stress Scale, Korean Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (K-CBCL 1.5-5), and Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Inventory Short Form (SCBE-30). The data were analyzed by t/F tests, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results and Conclusion: First, preschooler emotionality temperament had positive correlations with attention problems and aggression. Second, maternal depression and parenting stress had a positive correlation with preschooler externalizing problem behaviors. Third, maternal parenting stress had an effect on preschooler attention problems. Forth, preschooler emotional temperament and maternal parenting stress had an effect on preschooler aggression.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2006

Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems may be more common in children with disability families but rarely known is the magnitude of the problem and the risk factors compared to those in children with non-disability families. This study was undertaken to examine if socio-economic factors, parental health, and family functioning affect children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors differently between two comparison groups. The research literature on childhood behaviors was briefly reviewed. The data was derived from the Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain, 2004. Regression analyses provide evidence that the family type, economic status, and income level are uniquely associated with an increased risks of internalizing or externalizing behavior problems in children with disability families, whereas sex, age, family size, parental health, and family functioning factors have similar impacts on the child's internalizing or externalizing variances between two groups. Intervention is desirable to address the concerns influencing internalizing and externalizing performances among children with disability or non-disability families.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2010

Objectives ： The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender differences with respect to the internalization or externalization of symptoms according to the amount of time spent engaged in extracurricular education. Methods ： The study included a community sample of 755 boys and girls (mean age, 6.6 years), collected from five elementary schools in Gunpo, South Korea. Primary caregivers completed a questionnaire which included information on demographics, the amounts of time children spent in extracurricular education and with other activities, and an adapted form of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). Gender differences regarding externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were examined according to extracurricular education. Results ： With respect to the boys, there was a difference in the frequency of those who had externalizing behavior problems according to their time spent in extracurricular education. In contrast, the girls exhibited no difference. With respect to those children who spent a lot of time engaged in extracurricular education, there was a gender-specific difference only with respect to externalizing behavior problems. Conclusion ： A gender-specific difference exists only in terms of externalizing behavior problems according to time spent engaged in extracurricular education.