Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.2010.21.1.037

Gender Differences of Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems According to the Extracurricular Education  

Song, Jung-Eun (Department of Psychiatry, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital)
Jon, Duk-In (Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine)
Soek, Jeong-Ho (Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine)
Hong, Na-Rei (Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine)
Kim, Young-Shin (Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine)
Hong, Hyun-Ju (Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / v.21, no.1, 2010 , pp. 37-44 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objectives ： The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender differences with respect to the internalization or externalization of symptoms according to the amount of time spent engaged in extracurricular education. Methods ： The study included a community sample of 755 boys and girls (mean age, 6.6 years), collected from five elementary schools in Gunpo, South Korea. Primary caregivers completed a questionnaire which included information on demographics, the amounts of time children spent in extracurricular education and with other activities, and an adapted form of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). Gender differences regarding externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were examined according to extracurricular education. Results ： With respect to the boys, there was a difference in the frequency of those who had externalizing behavior problems according to their time spent in extracurricular education. In contrast, the girls exhibited no difference. With respect to those children who spent a lot of time engaged in extracurricular education, there was a gender-specific difference only with respect to externalizing behavior problems. Conclusion ： A gender-specific difference exists only in terms of externalizing behavior problems according to time spent engaged in extracurricular education.
Keywords
Gender Difference; Externalizing Behavior Problem; Internalizing Behavior Problem; BASC-2;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Keenan K, Shaw D. Developmental and social influences on young girl's early problem behavior. Psychol Bull 1997;121:95-113.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Bimbaum DW, Croll WL. The etiology of children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality. Sex Roles 1984;10: 677-691.   DOI
3 Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Dickson N, Silva P, Stanton W. Childhood- onset versus adolescent onset antisocial conduct problems in males:Natural history from age 3 to 18 years. Dev Psychopathol 1996;8:399-424.   DOI
4 Crick NR, Zahn-Waxler C. The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenge. Dev Psychopathol 2003;15:719-742.
5 Crick NR, Grotpeter JK, Bigbee MA. Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Dev Psychopathol 1996;8:367-380.   DOI
6 Zahn-Waxler C, Klimes-Dougan B, Slattery MJ. Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Dev Psychopathol 2000;12:443-466.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Muris P, Ollendic TH. The role of temperament in the etiology of child psychopathology. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2005;8: 271-289.   DOI
8 Ahn MH. Internal validity of the parent rating scale of the Korean Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (KBASC-2, PRS-C). Kor J Sch Psychol 2007;4:79-98.
9 McFadyen-Ketcum SA, Bates JE, Dodge KA, Pettit GS. Patterns of change in early childhood aggressive-disruptive behavior: Gender differences in predictions from early coercive and affectionate mother-child interactions. Child Dev 1996;67:2417-2433.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Cole PM, Teti LO, Zahn-Waxler C. Mutual emotion regulation and the stability of conduct problems between preschool and early school of age. Dev Psychopathol 2003;15:1-18.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS. The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychol Bull 1994; 115:424-443.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Kim IH, Kim SS, Lee KH. Analyses of the current state and the cost of the extracurricular education. Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute;2007.
13 Hong HJ, Kim YS, Jon DI, Soek JH, Hong NR, Harkavy- Friedman JM, et al. Mental health and extracurricular education in Korean first graders. Proceedings of 56th Annual meeting of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry:2009 Oct 27-Nov 1; Honolulu, USA.
14 Zahn-Waxler C, Shirtcliff EA, Marceau K. Disorders of childhood and adolescence: gender and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2008;4:275-303.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Baron-Cohen S. The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends Cogn Sci 2002;6:248-254.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Young EA. Sex differences and the HPA axis: Implications for psychiatric disease. J Gend Specif Med 1998;1:21-27.
17 Stroud LR, Salovey P, Epel ES. Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress. Biol Psychiatry 2002;52:318-327.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Hong HJ. The 2007 Gunpo-si School Mental Health Project Report. Gunpo-si: Gunpo-si Mental Health Center;2007.
19 Reynolds CR, Kamphaus RW. BASC-2 Behavior Assessment System for Children. Second ed. Circle Pines: AGS Publishing; 2004.
20 Doyle A, Ostrander R, Skare S, Crosby RD, August GJ. Convergent and criterion-related validity of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scale. J Clin Child Psychol 1997;26:276-284.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Karandrea D, Kittas C, Kitraki E. Contribution of sex and cellular context in the regulation of brain corticosteroid receptors following restraint stress. Neuroendocrinology 2000;71:343-353.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Lee KS. A study on elementary student's stress of extracurricular education [dissertation]. Seoul: Sookmyung Women's Univ.; 2001.
23 Ministry of Education Science and Technology. Education statistics in 2007. Available from URL: www.mest. go.kr/ms_kor/inform/public/science/primary/index.jsp.
24 Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Strategies for reducing the cost of the extracurricular education: Enhancing the competitiveness of the public education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology;2009.
25 Jang HJ. Effect of private education on learning motivation and stress [dissertation].Seoul; Yonsei Univ.;2005.
26 Lim JS. The psychological characteristics of stress of children with extracurricular activities [dissertation]. Seoul: Sungshin Women's Univ.;2002.
27 Chung SI. A study on daily stress and adjustment depending on children's social support [dissertation]. Seoul: Ewha Womans Univ.;1998.
28 Kim BY. The influence from extracurricular study of academic stress and academic achievement [dissertation]. Seoul: Yonsei Univ.;2008.
29 Ko SH. Influence of the private institute's education on the children's stress [dissertation]. Cheju: Cheju National Univ.;2001.