• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 1994년도 제11회 음성통신 및 신호처리 워크샵 논문집 (SCAS 11권 1호)
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• pp.351-357
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• 1994

At least two projects for English-to-Korean translation have been already in action for the last few years, but so far no attention has been paid to the problem of resolving pronominal reference and a default pronoun translation has been considered instead. In this paper we argue that pronous cannot be handled trivially in an English-to-Korean translation and one cannot bypass the task of resolving anaphoric reference if aiming at good and natural translation. In addition, we propose lexical transfer rules for English-to-Korean anaphor translation and outline an anaphora resolution model for an English-to-Korean MT system in operation.

• 영어어문교육
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• 제3호
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• pp.231-248
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• 1997

With the trend of globalization more people are absorbing in the English learning programs. Not a few attend even the English-Korean translation training course to be semi-professional translators, but we English teachers have already experienced that it is not so easy to translate any language into another, and that it is far more difficult to translate poetry. Much time has been devoted to investigating the problems of translating poetry than any other mode. Poetry translation theory is concerned with the problem of faithfulness to the original poetry. To be a good translator we must fully understand the sound and sense of the original work. But when in translating English poetry into Korean we feel keenly our limits of understanding the sound and style of English poetry, and of expressing them into Korean. Even our sense-oriented translation is far from satisfactory. We often make quite a few mistranslation. Another immediate problem is that of alternation between word-for-word translation and free translation method, but first of all, we should have a perfect knowledge and understanding in English, and a good command of our mother tongue. We should also have a sound interpretation ability because poetry translation is based on the interpretation of the original, and on the shaping of that interpretation. Some doubts have been raised over the feasibility of poetry translation. They say it is not possible to combine in another language the emotion, the form, the style, the musical devices of English poetry. Yet the art of translation has been practiced everywhere in the world. Through this art we can share our experience and culture with foreigners and theirs with us.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.57-68
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• 2010

Objectives: Standard is a unified criterion for some repeated things or concepts in a certain scope. It is fundamental to implement standardization in English translation of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) formulae to promote progress in the evaluation of TKM and also to serve in enhancing the efficiency in studies of medical formulae. Methods: We undertook literature research on current Korean and Chinese medicinal formulae in English translation, analyzing 485 Korean formulae and 464 Chinese. We also undertook a comparative study of 102 common English translation of both Korean and Chinese, proposing a constant and effective methods for English translation of medical formulae. Results: To have a precise English translation we classified medical formulae nomenclature in advance. We found that formulae naming can be fundamentally classified into 6 forms which are (a) Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (b) Materia Medica + Indication + Preparation Form, (c) Materia Medica Numbers + Preparation Form, (d) Indication + Preparation Form, (e) Concept + Preparation Form, and (f) Miscellaneous. Based on these findings we could determine that these 6 types ((a)-(f)) can all be translated into English by (1) Materia Medica + Preparation Form and (2) Indication + Preparation Form + of (with) + Materia Medica schemes. In regard to translation of Indication it can follow Noun+~ing participle form. Conclusion: This research provides a common method of TKM medicinal formulae English translation for better understanding, education, training, practice and research in TKM. Consequently, English translation using these methods can serve as the initial study for standardization of TKM medicinal formulae.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2018

As the artificial intelligence (AI) plays a crucial role in machine translation (MT) which has loomed large as a new translation paradigm, concerns have also arisen if MT can produce a quality product as human translation (HT) can. In fact, several MT experimental studies report cases in which the MT product called post-editing (PE) as equally as HT or often superior ([1],[2],[6]). As motivated from those studies on translation quality between HT and PE, this study set up an experimental situation in which Korean literature was translated into English, comparatively, by 3 translators and 3 post-editors. Afterwards, a group of 3 other Koreans checked for accuracy of HT and PE; a group of 3 English native speakers scored for fluency of HT and PE. The findings are (1) HT took the translation time, at least, twice longer than PE. (2) Both HT and PE produced similar error types, and Mistranslation and Omission were the major errors for accuracy and Grammar for fluency. (3) HT turned to be inferior to PE for both accuracy and fluency.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was to propose how to translate journal references into english for enhancing citation index of the journals published in the Korean Oriental Medical Society. Methods : Journal reference is mainly composed of author name, title or book name, journal name such as Index Medicus or publisher name, etc. In order to find the appropriate equivalents to the above major constituents, head words extracted from all the references of Journal of Korean Oriental Medical Society published in 2002 to 2009. A plan for English translation of the journal reference was formulated and the glossary was prepared. Plan for English translation of the journal reference : 1. Author: Author name was represented as capitalized last name and two initials of first name and listed up to six. If there are more, the first three or six authors were listed with 'et al'. 2. Terminology of traditional Korean medicine: Standard korean traditional medical terminology was one of the current representative dictionary with as much as 6040 headwords, which was needed to be translated into English in order to provide substantial equivalents available for English translation of journal reference. Therefor 4361 english equivalents were to be newly adopted except for 1679 overlapped with them in WHO-IST. Source oriented translation and target oriented translation were allowed to be appropriately selected depending on the condition. In addition, principle of English translation of acupoint,medicinal Herbs, Herbal formula and classical works were proposed. 3. Basically the names of journals should be set in italics and abbreviated according to the List of journals indexed for medline (formerly Index Medicus) published by the National Library of Medicine. however, abbreviation of korean oriental medical journals were not yet established. Thus establishment of tentative korean index medicus should be considered. Conclusions : For the enhancement of journal citation index of korean traditional medical journals, it was suggested that english translation of journal reference should be one of the alternatives enhancing citation rate.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.18-27
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• 2023

We present an English-Korean speech translation corpus, named EnKoST-C. End-to-end model training for speech translation tasks often suffers from a lack of parallel data, such as speech data in the source language and equivalent text data in the target language. Most available public speech translation corpora were developed for European languages, and there is currently no public corpus for English-Korean end-to-end speech translation. Thus, we created an EnKoST-C centered on TED Talks. In this process, we enhance the sentence alignment approach using the subtitle time information and bilingual sentence embedding information. As a result, we built a 559-h English-Korean speech translation corpus. The proposed sentence alignment approach showed excellent performance of 0.96 f-measure score. We also show the baseline performance of an English-Korean speech translation model trained with EnKoST-C. The EnKoST-C is freely available on a Korean government open data hub site.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2020

This paper presents an environment for rule-based English-Korean machine translation system, which supports the translation domain adaptation and the continuous translation quality improvement. For the purposes, corpus is essential, from which necessary information for translation will be acquired. The environment consists of a corpus construction part and a translation knowledge extraction part. The corpus construction part crawls news articles from some newspaper sites. The extraction part builds the translation knowledge such as newly-created words, compound words, collocation information, distributional word representations, and so on. For the translation domain adaption, the corpus for the domain should be built and the translation knowledge should be constructed from the corpus. For the continuous improvement, corpus needs to be continuously expanded and the translation knowledge should be enhanced from the expanded corpus. The proposed web-based environment is expected to facilitate the tasks of domain adaptation and translation system improvement.

• 영어영문학
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.871-905
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• 2010

This paper is motivated by Watanabe's (2001) observation that English byphrase passives are sometimes translated into Japanese object topicalization constructions. That is, the original English sentence in the passive may be translated into the active voice with the logical object topicalized. A number of scholars, including Chomsky (1981) and Baker (1992), have remarked that languages have various ways to avoid focusing on the logical subject. The aim of the present study is to examine the translation equivalents of the English by-phrase passives in an English-Korean parallel corpus compiled by the author. A small sample of articles from Newsweek magazine and its published Korean translation reveals that there are indeed many ways to translate English by-phrase passives, including object topicalization (12.5%). Among the 64 translated sentences analyzed and classified, 12 (18.8%) examples were problematic in terms of agent defocusing, which is the primary function of passives. Of these 12 instances, five cases were identified where an alternative translation would be more suitable. The results suggest that the functional characteristics of English by-phrase passives should be highlighted in translator training as well as language teaching.

• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.105-114
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• 2007

This paper addresses a method for customizing an English-to-Korean machine translation system from general domain to patent domain. The customizing method consists of following steps: 1) linguistically studying about characteristics of patent documents, 2) extracting unknown words from large patent documents and constructing large bilingual terminology, 3) extracting and constructing the patent-specific translation patterns 4) customizing the translation engine modules of the existing general MT system according to linguistic study about characteristics of patent documents, and 5) evaluating the accuracy of translation modules and the translation quality. This research was performed under the auspices of the MIC (Ministry of Information and Communication) of Korean government during 2005-2006. The translation accuracy of the customized English-Korean patent translation system is 82.43% on the average in 5 patent fields (machinery, electronics, chemistry, medicine and computer) according to the evaluation of 7 professional human translators. In 2006, the patent MT system started an on-line patent MT service in IPAC (International Patent Assistance Center) under MOCIE (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy) in Korea. In 2007, KIPO (Korean Intellectual Property Office) tries to launch an English-Korean patent MT service.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2013

Objectives: This study proposes a new form of English translation in comparison with that shown in English books related to Sasang Constitutional medicine formulae which have been published up to now. Methods: This study formulated a new form of English translation guidelines by making a comparative analysis of the English translation cases listed in "Korean-English Dictionary of Oriental Medicine", "Longevity and Life Preservation in Eastern Medicine", and "Introduction to Sasang Constitutional Medicine". Results: This study as a common rules suggested that names of preparation form should be placed at the very end of the formula name and the first letters of the major words of the formula name should be capitalized. In addition, for the sake of accuracy in English translation of the formula name, this study divided the formula names into 8 types. The 8 sorts of types include: (a) Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (b) Materia Medica + Indication + Preparation Form, (c) Materia Medica Numbers + Preparation Form, (d) Indication + Preparation Form, (e) Concept + Preparation Form, (f) Concept + Materia Medica + Preparation Form, (g) Concept + Indication + Preparation Form, (h) Etcetera. In these types, medicinal herbs should be written in scientific name, and translation of indication can follow Noun+~ing participle form. In case of the terms having a Korean-medicine-based meaning, this study aimed for source-oriented translation. Conclusions: This study provides a general English translation method and examples of the formula names for Sasang constitutional medicine.