• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.135-154
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• 2023

Urban wetlands provide various ecosystem services and are subject to restoration and creation projects due to their increased value in the context of climate change. However, the vegetation structure of wetlands is sensitive to environmental changes, including artificial disturbances, and requires continuous maintenance. In this study, we conducted a vegetation survey of three wetlands created as part of a project to restore urban degraded natural ecosystems and monitored the quantitative changes in wetland vegetation structure using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The vegetation survey revealed 73 species in Incheon Yeonhui wetland, and the change in vegetation composition based on wetland occurrence frequency was 11.5% on average compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results. The vegetation survey identified 44 species in Busan Igidae wetland, and the proportion of species classified as obligate upland plants was the highest at 48.8% among all plants, while the proportion of naturalized plants accounted for 15.9% of all plants. The open water surface area decreased from 10% in May 2019 to 6.7% in May 2020. Iksan Sorasan wetland was surveyed and 44 species were confirmed, and it was found that the proportion of facultative wetland plant decreased compared to the 2018 vegetation survey results, and the open water surface area increased from 0.4% in May 2019 to 4.1% in May 2020. The results of this study showed that wetlands with low artificial management intensity exhibited a tendency for stabilization of vegetation structure, with a decrease in the proportion of plants with high wetland occurrence frequency and a relatively small number of new species. Wetlands with high artificial management intensity required specific management, as they had a large change in vegetation structure and a partially high possibility of new invasion. We reaffirmed the importance of continuous monitoring of vegetation communities and infrastructure for wetlands considering the function and use of urban wetlands, and restoration stages. These research results suggest the need to establish a sustainable wetland maintenance system through the establishment of long-term maintenance goals and monitoring methods that consider the environmental conditions and vegetation composition of wetlands.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.24-30
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• 2009

The Sin-Wol filtration plant was an urban infrastructure and off-limits to the public. It is recreated as a representative experiential theme park in the southwest area. It has not only provided places to relax, but has made a new model of urban park by reusing advantages. The current lack of easy access into the park area almost isolates it like a green island. The neighborhood surrounding the park does not have many physical connections to the park to be able to use it. By connecting the surrounding communities with numerous access points into the park and linking the hiking trails and bike paths, the city's need for open space and recreation would be far better satisfied than before. This would allow for the use of the valuable assets of the existing forest and open space.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2009

This study is to establish urban green network on the urbanized area using characteristics of fragmented and ornamental green area distribution. To do this, the survey for the green area characteristics was carried out in Changwon City. In order to analyze network, a virtual network in whole city sky for bird's movement, which is consisted with 30m grid lines was prepared. To analyze which network routes depend on the direction, we estimated bird's movement between 8-direction and 16-direction's outskirt forest's source point and inner city's fragmented green area. In the analysis of two types different direction models, the results of green network routes are mostly matched. So green network plan by this results is more reasonable for enhancing bird's movement to inner city. Based on the these findings, this green network planning will be providing for inner city to influx outside forest's birds and maximize the ecological connectivity.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-105
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to give some ideas to the improving direction and evaluation in order to solve physical' ecological problems appeared after urban park construction. This study selected Namsangol park as a site, because this park was constructed to the goal in order to rehabilitate the original landform as a part of "Namsan original landscape rehabilitation work". So this study was executed to investigate past and present landform change, soil condition, planting, water/climate etc., and then these were analyzed by GIS.- soil :pH, Ec, organic matter, the ability of moisture content, bulk density, porosity, etc.- planting:planting density, plant species- water/climate: the amount of rainfall, drainage and drainage-basin. And then this study overlayed soil+cut/fill, soil+pine tree, cut/fill + planting density, and cut/fill + plant species.t species.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.29-36
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to study the functions and roles of Green Community Rediscovery Center (GCRC) in terms of community integration, to design GCRC with various types of green roofs, and to investigate the possibility of applying a renewable energy system (e.g., PV) to the building greenery systems. The four major functional modules for GCRC were suggested: implementation of ecopark and community gardens with environmental education programs, implementation of green housing model with education programs, Discover Science Center, and implementation of green business model with education programs. Three major functions of the center are also presented in terms of design: 1) functions of community gardens; 2) establishment of a green business model, community composting system and an urban farming system; and 3) roles of community gardens in social interactions within GCRC. GCRC provides residents with the opportunities of community gardens, urban farming based on a successful recycling system, as well as a green business model and environmental education programs near their homes. The air temperature of the green roof (utilizing Sedum sarmentosum as a cover plant) was approximately $3^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the non-green roof, indicating a potential efficiency increase in PV systems for GCRC. It was concluded that the GCRC suggested would enhance the neighborhood satisfaction, improve the quality of life and contribute to social integration and community regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.56-71
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• 2003

Waste landfills have been the center of environmental problems and they must be restored due to environmental pollution, disgusting landscape, and cost of management. It is suggested that they be recycled urban space as cities expand. Specially, nonsanitary waste landfills which have no pollution prevention facilities cause serious problems. Restoring the landfills as parks and golf courses, so on makes more benefits because of cheap use land, closeness to urban area, flat topography applicable to parks and golf courses, and high land values after restoration and the changes to local recreation sites. Restoration of waste landfills is a complex, costly, and interdisciplinary work. But, the waste landfill is a manmade ecosystem. Control, restoration and postmanagement of waste landfills are very important problems. The role of vegetation prevents soil erosion, reduces soil water storage, and obstructs leachate seepage. Early restoration makes derelict lands into man park artificially geared to soil, vegetation, landforms and hydrology. But, Ideal restoration is to make stable ecosystem nature-friendly and compatible with surrounding landscape without more management. Landscape is structured hierarchically with patches and stands as small components and forms forest as large components. Therefore, landscape formation of the waste landfills needs much restoration process. There are many ecological restoration techniques for the waste landfills. Those are divided into artificial and natural methods. The artificial method is anthropogenic plantings while the natural method is to trigger and use succession processes. The most important thing in the restoration of waste landfills is to consider the final restoration objectives of each waste landfill. According to these objectives, the depth of covering layer, planting degree, and structural design should be determined. The effective restoration methods should be selected of artificial and natural options.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.27-42
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• 1992

IN urban areas, public outdoor recreation opportunities are limited, traditional funding sources are being eraded, and crowding as well as ecological damage appear inevitable, these developments may require new analysis on the prospective policy of park, with the evaluation of the trend of amenity resources and recreation values, 16 parks were taken as informants in Deagu city area, the data for this research were collected 2,942 samples by the on-site-interview. The abstracted results of amenity elements were revealed as institutions and resource types, the attraction of resources was about twice as much as that of institutions. The resources is to be classified into two items ; national resources and human resources. The former is about five times as mcuh atractive as the latter. The attraction of natural resources consists in the atmospheric factors(35%), the biological factors(28%), the topographical factors(19%), and the scenery factors(18%). While, the attraction of human resources consists in the cultural factors(54%), the social factors(46%). The attraction of the base institutions is very low. The attraction of the static institution is three times as much as that of that of the dynamic institution. The above tendency is a general trend in Daegu city. But when we are taking into consideration in datail, we find that there is great difference among the green tract of land of the park. When the amenity resources of one's destination was used for the value of recreation, the pattern of attraction variables as a physical characteristics could explain 58%. Based on those result, this study is a small but important guidence for decision makings concerning to the allocation of scarce amenity resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.62-76
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• 2001

This study is to offer the basic information and materials for the restoration of the urban forest and the ecologically healthy and continuous green belt through the investigation and the analysis on the vegetation in Hwasan Park, Chonju-City. The flora of Hwasan Neighborhood park was composed of 86 families 230 genera, 261 species, 35 varieties, 1 formae or 298 Taxa. Among them, calculation of Pte-Q Index represented 0.60, Fisher's Index. Some characteristics of the plants in this area have represented such as Th-D1-R5 type in biological type, erect form(64.6%) in growth type, 30 taxa in naturalized plants. The life form spectra investigated from Hwasan neighborhood park was recognized as the following M"17.4%, N:11.4%, E:0.3%, Ch:0%, H:29.8%, G:6.7%, HH:0%, Th:34.2%. By the Z-M method 5 plant communities and 3 afforestation were recognized; Quercus variabilis community, Q.acutissima community, Q.serrata community, Sorbus alnifolia community, Pinus densiflora community, P.rigida afforestation, Robinia pseudo-acacia afforestation and Larix leptolepis afforestation. The actual vegetation map constructed on the grounds of the communities classified and other data. The pattern of successional trend of tree species might be suggested: L. leptoleipis, P. rigida and P. densifloralongrightarrowQ.variabilis and Q.acutissimalongrightarrowS.alnifolia and Q.serratalongrightarrowCarpinus tschonoskii community. Three measurements of species diversity (richness index(SR), Shannon-Wiener index(H'), evenness index(J')) and their relationship with community type were studied in the surveyed plant communities. Q.serrata community was higher in SR, H', J' than the other communities, whereas R.pseduo-acacia afforestation was low. Finally, The vegetation of the Hwasan neighborhood park must not allowed any more. Nothing ca be better than native states in preserving the ecosystems.tems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.159-169
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• 2016

In recent years, the population structure has been changed by the progresses of 6th-industrialization and transportation in farming areas. This study aims to suggest a regional development plan of farming areas in accordance with the demographic changes. Population structure indicators were derived from previous studies and literature review in order to identify the types of farming areas. Demographic indicators separated to depopulation and population growth in farming areas through a standardized scoring method. This research found that the division of economy is not only the most important division in any other regional development divisions but also necessary to develop new sources of non-farm income through traditional culture, natural environment. In the social division, it is necessary to secure the facilities for the formation of a sense of community to multicultural families and existing residents in farming areas. In the environmental division, it is desirable to improve the quality and satisfaction of life for residents such as the sidewalk and park that utilize ecological environment, culture, history for both depopulation and population region. In the physical division, there is a need for improvement of the facilities of basic living infrastructure service such as roads, water supply and sewerage systems. In the institution division, sustainable financial support of the central government policy for farming areas is crucial for the improvement of residential environment in the farming areas of depopulation and population region.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2010

Toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes (dye waste, urban sewage, food waste) were examined in the fertilization and embryo development rates of the Sea Urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1 mL of 0.5 M KCl into coelomic cavity. Males released white or cream-colored sperms and females released yellow or orange-colored eggs. Experiments were began within 30 min the collection of both gametes. The fertilization and embryo development rates test were performed for 10 min and 64 h after fertilization, respectively. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including ocean dumping wastes sludge elutriate) were greater than 90%, but suddenly decreased with increasing of ocean dumping waste sludge elutriate concentrations. The fertilization and normal embryogenesis rates were significantly inhibited in all waste sludge elutriate from dye waste ($EC_{50}$=4.37; $EC_{50}$=1.76), urban sewage ($EC_{50}$=5.79; $EC_{50}$=2.00) and food waste ($EC_{50}$=7.68; $EC_{50}$=2.16), respectively. The NOEC (<3.13) and LOEC (3.13) of fertiliztion and normal embryogenesis rates very similar in all waste sludge elutriate. These results suggest that biological assay using the fertilization and embryo development rates of H. pulcherrimus are very useful test method for the ecological toxicity assessment of ocean dumping wastes.