• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2012

비교적 접근이 용이한 육상 및 천해에서 석유의 생산은 이미 완료되었거나 대부분이 진행 중이기에 석유 생산 지역이 점차 심해로 확장되고 있다. 심해와 같은 저온환경에서 석유생산이 이루어지면 석유의 부존환경과 다른 온도와 압력에 노출되어 생산시스템에 다양한 고형물이 집적되어 석유가 안정적으로 생산되지 못하게 하는 유동안정성 확보 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 고형물 중 왁스는 온도에 민감하기 때문에 왁스의 집적을 예측하고 제어하기 위해서는 오일 내 왁스가 석출되기 시작하는 온도인 왁스생성 온도의 정확한 측정이 요구되나 표준화된 측정법이 존재하지 않아 다양한 방법이 제안되고 있는 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 점도측정법, 시차주사열량법, 필터막힘점측정법, 압력필터측정법을 적용하여 불투명 오일의 왁스생성온도를 측정하고, 이를 검증하기 위해 고형물생성유도장치와 가스크로마토크래피를 이용하였다. 이 연구결과를 통해 오일특성에 따른 왁스생성온도 실험법을 체계화한다면 불투명 오일의 왁스생성온도 측정법 표준화하는데 주요자료로 이용할 수 있어 왁스에 의한 유동안정성 확보 문제를 예측하고 해결하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.547-553
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• 2016

선박용 디젤엔진 배기가스에 포함된 입자상물질(PM) 가운데서 블랙카본(BC)은 극지방의 해빙을 촉진시키고 온난화를 유발하는 원인물질로서 큰 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 향후 예상되는 PM/BC 배출 규제에 선제적으로 대응하고, 저감기술 개발 및 실증을 위한 기초연구의 일환으로 한국해양대학교 실습선 한바다호를 이용하여 실제 운항 중에 주기관의 배기관 수 포인트에서 PM을 샘플링하여 HR-TEM을 통해 그 구조와 특성을 분석하였다. 또한 배기가스 분석기를 이용하여 운전조건별 배기가스 내 유해물질의 배출 경향을 확인하였다. 분석 결과 엔진에서 배출된 PM의 구조는 구형 입자들의 촘촘하지 않은 체인형 결합으로 이루어져 있으며, 과급기로부터 멀어질수록 온도 저하에 의한 응집이 더 많이 관찰되었고 BC 특유의 graphitic 구조를 잃어가면서 점점 amorphous 구조를 띠는 경향이 나타났다. 또한 배기가스 분석을 통해 엔진 회전수가 증가할수록 배기 내 PM의 농도는 감소할 것으로 예측되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7467-7472
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is known to be one of the most prevalent cancers among women in both developing and developed countries. The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan has increased dramatically within the last few years and is the second country after Israel in Asia to have highest proportional cases of breast cancer. However, there are limited data for breast cancer available in the literature from Pakistan. Objectives: The study was conducted to bring to light the common clinical presentation of breast cancer and to evaluate the frequency of established risk factors in breast carcinoma patients and furthermore to compare the findings between premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A 6 months (from July 2012 to Dec 2012) cross sectional survey was conducted in Surgical and Oncology Units of Civil Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected though a well developed questionnaire from 105 female patients diagnosed with carcinoma of breast and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Results: Out of 105 patients, 43 were premenopausal and 62 were postmenopausal, 99 being married. Mean age at diagnosis was $47.8{\pm}12.4years$. A painless lump was the most frequent symptom, notived by 77.1%(n=81). Some 55.2% (n=58) patients had a lump in the right breast and 44.8%(n=47) in the left breast. In the majority of cases, the lump was present in upper outer quadrant 41.9% (n=44). Mean period of delay from appearance of symptoms to consulting a doctor was $5.13{\pm}4.8months$, from the shortest 1 month to the longest 36 months. Long delay (> 3 months) was the most frequent figure 41.9%. Considering overall risk factors most frequent were first pregnancy after 20 years of age (41%), physical breast trauma (28.6%), lack of breast feeding(21.9%), and early menarche <11 years (19%), followed by null parity (16.2%), consumption of high fat diet (15.2%), family history of breast cancer or any other cancer in first degree relatives (9.5% and 13.3%, respectively). Some of the less common factors were late menopause >54 years (8.6%), use of oral contraceptive pills (10.5%), use of hormone replacement therapy (4.7%),smoking (4.7%) and radiation (0.96%). Significant differences (p<0.005) were observed between pre and post menopausal women regarding history of physical breast trauma, practice of breast feeding and parity. Conclusions: A painless lump was the most frequent clinical presentation noted. Overall age at first child > 20 years, physical breast trauma, lack of breast feeding, early menarche <11 were the most frequent risk factors. Physical breast trauma, lower parity, a trend for less breast feeding had more significant associations with pre-menopausal than post-menopausal onset. Increase opportunity of disease prevention can be obtained through better understanding of clinical presentation and risk factors important in the etiology of breast cancer.

• 한국인구학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.115-141
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 미국 인구의 고령화 과정에서 장기적인 조기퇴직의 경향과 1985년 이후 일어난 그것의 역전현상에 주목하면서, 그것에 기여하는 사회경제적 여건과 사회정책 프로그램의 변화를 검토하는 것이다. 미국인의 조기퇴직, 곧 퇴직연령 하락의 주원인은 장기적인 부(富)의 증대이며, 이것은 고령 노동자들이 소득창출을 위한 유급노동시장 참여를 하지 않고서도 높은 수준의 생활을 가능하도록 하였다. 사회보장 퇴직연금과 기업 연금제도의 확대 성장은 강제퇴직제도의 도입과 아울러 1980년대 중반까지 조직퇴직의 증가추이에 공헌하였다. 본 연구는 최근의 조기퇴직 역전현상을 지속시킬 수 있는 유인책으로서 고령자 사회정책 프로그램 등에 주목한다. 물론, 여기서 과연 조기퇴직의 역전을 가져오는 사회정책이 필요한가에 대한 질문이다. 환언하면, 노동생산성의 증대나 은퇴전의 근면성(勤勉性)의 향상은 미국인들이 평균수명의 신장으로 퇴직, 곧 "제3의 인생" 이 길어진다고 하더라도 보다 높은 사회생활을 유지하는데 아무런 어려움이 없을 것임을 의미한다. 대부분의 미국인은 현행 각종 사회정책 프로그램이 현역 노동자들에게 상당한 부담을 가져다주더라도 조기퇴직을 허용하는 각종 사회정책 프로그램이 유지되기를 원하고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 볼 때, 미국의 고령자 사회정책은 조기퇴직의 역전을 지속하려는 정책을 계속하기보다는 현역 노동자의 근면성 향상이나 노동생산성의 향상에 초점을 맞추는 프로그램의 개발에도 관심을 집중할 필요가 있을 것이다.요가 있을 것이다.

• 지질공학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.487-498
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• 2004

대부분이 산악지 형으로 구성된 부산지 역은 도시의 발달로 인해 산지의 개발이 점차 늘어가는 추세에 있으며, 연구지역인 황령산일대도 개발이 많이 진행되고 있는 지역 중의 하나이다. 도시지 역에서 많은 인명과 재산피해를 초래하는 산사태와 절취사면의 붕괴는 암반특성 못지 않게 토질특성에 영향을 많이 받는다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 1999년 대규모 사면붕괴가 발생되었던 부산 황령산지 역을 대상으로 지질에 따른 토질공학적 특성을 분석하였다. 연구지역의 지질은 백악기 퇴적암과 화산암이 분포하고 있다. 사면의 토층은 점토와 실트가 섞인 모래로 분류되며, 점착력과 내부마찰각은 각각 $0.001\~0.066kg/cm^2$ 및 $32-39^{\circ}$의 범위로서 전단강도가 대체로 높은 지반으로 평가되었다. 투수계수는 $2.34\times10^4\~2.58\times10^{-2}cm/sec$로서 보통정도의 투수성을 가지며, 지질별로는 퇴적암지 역의 투수계수가 화산암지역에 비해 전반적으로 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2011

최근 OECD 국가에서는 공공투자사업과 정책의 성과를 감사행정을 통해 적극 평가함에 따라 본 연구에서는 국내 교통투자사업 및 정책의 성과를 사전적으로 평가 점검할 수 있는 교통계획 분야의 성과감사 평가기준 및 방법론을 개발하였다. 또한 국내 교통분야 감사 실태를 조사하여 중요도분석(IPA)을 수행하였으며, 분석결과 교통행정분야(계획-건설-운영관리-기타) 중 교통계획 분야의 감사가 부족하였고 특히 민자, 항공 및 물류 분야는 감사빈도 및 접근 방법의 변경 등 성과감사 방법론의 개선이 필요한 분야로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주요국 감사원의 교통계획 분야 감사사례를 분석하여 성과감사 평가기준 및 감사방법론을 고찰한 후 주요국의 교통계획 분야 성과감사 평가기준 및 성과감사 방법론을 도출하였다. 먼저 성과감사 평가기준으로 영국 PPG13의 교통계획 지침, 미국의 3C 교통계획수립 지침 등 영 미의 교통계획의 수립원칙과 영 미 감사원의 교통계획 분야 성과감사 평가기준을 고찰한 후 교통계획의 정책성과(형평성, 환경적 지속가능성), 정책수단(인과성), 행정절차(일관성, 협조성, 종합성)를 점검할 수 있는 5Es+4Cs 기준을 정립하였다. 그리고 향후 교통계획 분야 성과감사 시 적용 가능한 교통계획 분야 성과감사 방법론을 정립하기 위한 주요국의 교통계획 분야 감사 초점과 분석지표를 체크리스트 형태로 제시하였으며, 국내 교통계획 분야 전문가 설문조사를 통해 각 체크리스트에 대한 중요도를 순위로 제시 활용토록 하였다. 향후 과제로 교통 및 물류분야의 정책 및 사업이 지속가능한 성과를 달성하기 위해 서는 성과감사 평가기준 및 방법론을 지속적으로 보완 정비하여 나가야할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

The various environmental problems that we face on today are basically about environmental quality. Since early 1960s affluent material was produced because of remarkable economic growth by many cooperations. However, for the lack of environmental policy, environmental pollutions has been serious. The central government should transfer the producing and consuming structure to environmental affinity through the regulations for developing Korea as a model of environmental nation which takes an active part in global environmental programme and in which the environment and economy are well harmonized. Moreover, the central government should take the lead in prevention of environmental pollution through the direct policies such as strengthening the discharge limit or setting up environmental basic institutions by securing budget for conserving environment. This thesis emphasize on the public institution among many environmental basic institutions for environmental anti-pollution project. It will find the problems with running those institutions, and will suggest the preview of improvement. Also, it is necessary to investigate of variation trend for inflow and pollutant loading to environmental infrastructure as increased of the diffusion rate as established and maintenance of sewer system. The purpose of this study is to investigate for inflow and pollutant loading to environmental infrastructure, and also to provide the method of efficiently maintenance and management. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Survey of actual condition on operation and management of environmental infrastructure was evaluated the propriety of treatment process and problem of plant management. 2. Analysis of pollutant loading contribution for river system of environmental infrastructure with data analysis of water quality measuring network. 3. To investigate on case study for efficiently maintenance and management of environmental infrastructure. The result on this study was provide the method of efficiently maintenance and management with survey for establish and repair of sewer system and survey of actual condition on operation and management of environmental infrastructure in the water area of discharge to Geum River System. Application as guideline for establish and management of environmental infrastructure, and management of Geum River System. Also, application for preliminary data for fulfill-assess of total effluent regulation of water pollution.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup3호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2016

Gastrointestinal cancers remain the most prevalent cancers in many developing countries such as Iran. The aim of this study was to estimate incidence, prevalence and mortality, as well as time trends for gastrointestinal cancers in Isfahan province of Iran for the period 2001 to 2010 and to project these estimates to the year 2020. Estimates were driven by applying the MIAMOD method (a backward calculation approach using mortality and relative survival rates). Mortality data were obtained from the Ministry of Health and the relative survival rate for all gastrointestinal cancers combined was derived from the Eurocare 3 study. Results indicated that there were clear upward trends in age adjusted incidence (males 22.9 to 74.2 and females 14.9 to 44.2), prevalence (males 52.6 to 177.7 and females 38.3 to 111.03), and mortality (males 14.6 to 47.2 and females 9.6 to 28.2) rates per 100,000 for the period of 2001 to 2010 and this upward state would persist for the projected period. For the entire period, the male to female ratio increased slightly for all parameters (incidence rate increased from 1.5 to 1.7, prevalence from 1.4 to 1.6, and mortality from 1.5 to 1.7). In males, totals of 2,179 incident cases, 5,097 prevalent cases and 1,398 mortality cases were predicated to occur during the study period. For females the predicted figures were 1,379, 3,190 and 891, respectively. It was concluded that the upward trend of incidence alongside increase in survival rates would induce a high burden on the health care infrastructure in the province of Isfahan in the future.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.343-347
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• 2005

Bambusae caulis in Liquamen is one of the important herbal medicine produced by heating bamboo indirectly and is used for treatment of stroke, hypertension, and diabetes etc. Recently the mechanism of clinical effects on Bambusae caulis in Liquamen has been studied. This experiment was conducted to confirm the clinical effects of Bambusae caulis in Liquamen on type 1 diabetes and its related mechanism. We divided C57BL/6 mice into 3 groups and induced them to be type 1 diabetes by injection of streptozocin into peritoneum. The dosage of each group was 150 mg/kg once only, 140 mg/kg once only and 40 mg/kg for 5 days respectively. The two groups injected streptozocin for once took orally Bambusae caulis in Liquamen after the induction of diabetes, and the other one group was given Bambusae caulis in Liquamen during the diabetes inducing period. As the result, the two diabetes-induced groups showed blood glucose decreasing effect by Bambusae caulis in Liquamen on an average, but they didn't show the signiftcant differences statistically. But Bambusae caulis in Liquamen showed the anti-diabetic effect suppressing blood sugar rising trend during the diabetes inducing peried (P<0.05). The anti-oxidative effect of Bambusae caulis in Liquamen was measured with the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (HX/XOD) system. The quantity of ROS was measured using DCFDA reagent indirectly. As the result, $10\%$ solution of Bambusae caulis in Liquamen showed anti-oxidative effect by scavenging $93.4\%$ superoxide as compared with control group. It is suspected that the anti-oxidative effect of Bambusae caulis in Liquamen suppressed the increase of blood glucose in the diabetes-inducing group. These results could be useful data to understand the effect of Bambusae caulis in Liquamen on type 1 diabetes and type 1 diabetes developing because ROS were closely connected with the induction and complications of diabetes.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2015

Purpose - Online shopping enables consumers to conveniently purchase products irrespective of the time and place. As a result, several online shopping companies have emerged to cater to this growing market and, therefore, the competition among them has become increasingly intense. This paper evaluates the comparative efficiency of online shopping companies for a multi-year period (2009-2013), in order to help online shopping managers identify major drivers for enhancing management efficiency and the subsequent competitiveness. Research design, data, and methodology - The researchers collected the data from 2009 to 2013 from the distribution yearbook. This paper analyzes the marketability (sales figures), profitability (business profits), and management conditions (net profits) of domestic online shopping enterprises by incorporating information on human resources (number of employees) and material resources (total assets and capital). Therefore, the number of employees, total assets, and capital are selected as input variables, and sales figures, business profits, and net profits as the output variables. In this study, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to measure the comparative efficiency of domestic online shopping companies. In addition, the Malmquist Productivity Index was used to evaluate the trend of change of Decision Making Units' (DMUs') efficiency for a multi-year period. Results - First, as of 2013, Interpark (2.415) was found to be the most efficient online shopping enterprise, followed by Aladdin Communications (2.117), Hyundai Home shopping (1.867), Home&Shopping (1.176), NS Home shopping (1.170), Commerce Planet (1.126), CJ O Shopping (1.105), Ebay Korea (1.088), and GS Home Shopping (1.051). Second, this study recognizes how the management efficiency has changed for the period 2009-2013. Third, the lesser the capital and employees, the more are the net profits, and the better is the management efficiency of domestic online shopping companies. Lastly, the productivity of such companies is influenced by endogenous factors rather than exogenous factors such as shifts in business environment and technological advances. Conclusions - DHC Korea influenced various distribution channels to reach customers through the Internet. Consequently, this helped in increasing the awareness about its products, in addition to an increase in sales. These achievements can be attributed to the characteristics of online shopping companies. Although it is easy for these companies to suggest goods for one-off purchases, they however have difficulties in retaining customers. Overcoming this challenge can be one of the ways to benchmark a successful case of an efficient company. For example, an online shopping company can attract customers by developing a corresponding mobile application as a convenient way to shop online. Additionally, they can satisfy customers by quick delivery of purchased products, which is possible by building an effective logistics network. Our study indicates that the productivity of an online shopping company was influenced by endogenous factors driven by improvements in managerial practices rather than exogenous factors. Accordingly, online shopping companies should adopt strategies to improve their operational efficiency rather than sales volume-oriented management.