• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1307-1313
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• 2007

In order to evaluate the utilization of immature green wheat kernels as food processing material, these experiments were carried out to analyze general composition, free sugars, free amino acids, mineral content and color of 3 wheat varieties according to their heading dates. Contents such as moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash were gradually decreased according to the days after heading of 3 wheat varieties, while crude fiber and starch were gradually increased. Maltose and maltotriose contents in immature green wheat kernels were high but its rapidity decreased by closing to ripeness. Contents of free amino acids showed a tendency to decrease, among which alanine content was the highest around 25 days after heading, and then glutamic acid, GABA, glycine in order. Contents of total free amino acid were decreased by closing to ripeness. Among 3 wheat varieties, its contents of Guru wheat was the highest. As wheat matured, ${\beta}-glucan$ contents were decreased from 1.5% to 0.28% on 43 days after heading. Mineral contents of 3 wheat varieties were generally increased by closing to ripeness after coming into ears, and K, Mg were especially prominent. As wheat matured, lightness was decreased, while redness and yellowness were increased. Considering chemical composition and color, the immature green wheat were produced through blanching the spikes harvested before the yellow ripe stage. The harvested green wheat cereals is able to eat raw wheat or cook it as food processing material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.872-881
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• 2022

In this study, we optimized the composition of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production medium using response surface methodology on Pantoea agglomerans SRCM 119864 isolated from soil. IAA-producing P. aglomerans SRCM 119864 was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. There are 11 intermediate components known to affect IAA production, hence the effect of each component on IAA production was investigated using a Plackett-Burman design (PBD). Based on the PBD, sucrose, tryptone, and sodium chloride were selected as the main factors that enhanced the IAA production at optimal L-tryptophan concentration. The predicted maximum IAA production (64.34 mg/l) was obtained for a concentration of sucrose of 13.38 g/l, of tryptone of 18.34 g/l, of sodium chloride of 9.71 g/l, and of L-tryptophan of 6.25 g/l using a the hybrid design experimental model. In the experiment, the nutrient broth medium supplemented with 0.1% L-tryptophan as the basal medium produced 45.24 mg/l of IAA, whereas the optimized medium produced 65.40 mg/l of IAA, resulting in a 44.56% increase in efficiency. It was confirmed that the IAA production of the designed optimal composition medium was very similar to the predicted IAA production. The statistical significance and suitability of the experimental model were verified through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Therefore, in this study, we determined the optimal growth medium concentration for the maximum production of IAA, which can contribute to sustainable agriculture and increase crop yield.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.460-467
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• 2016

A filamentous cyanobacterium, Limnothrix sp. KNUA012, was axenically isolated from a freshwater bloom sample in Lake Hapcheon, Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Its morphological and molecular characteristics led to identification of the isolate as a member of the genus Limnothrix. Maximal growth was attained when the culture was incubated at 25℃. Analysis of its lipid composition revealed that strain KNUA012 could autotrophically synthesize alkanes, such as pentadecane (C₁₅H₃₂) and heptadecane (C₁₇H₃₆), which can be directly used as fuel without requiring a transesterification step. Two genes involved in alkane biosynthesis－an acyl-acyl carrier protein reductase and an aldehyde decarbonylase－were present in this cyanobacterium. Some common algal biodiesel constituents－myristoleic acid (C_14:1), palmitic acid (C_16:0), and palmitoleic acid (C_16:1)－were produced by strain KNUA012 as its major fatty acids. A proximate analysis showed that the volatile matter content was 86.0% and an ultimate analysis indicated that the higher heating value was 19.8 MJ kg⁻¹. The isolate also autotrophically produced 21.4 mg g⁻¹ phycocyanin－a high-value antioxidant compound. Therefore, Limnothrix sp. KNUA012 appears to show promise for application in cost-effective production of microalga-based biofuels and biomass feedstock over crop plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.836-842
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate potential benefits of intercropping of corn with runner bean for a smallsized farming system, based on land equivalent ratio (LER) and silage yield and quality of corn intercropped with runner bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in arid conditions of Turkey under an irrigation system. This experiment was established as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block, with three replications and carried out over two (consecutive) years in 2006 and 2007. Seven different mixtures (runner bean, B and silage corn sole crop, C, 10% B+90% C, 20% B+80% C, 30% B+70% C, 40% B+60%C, and 50% B+50%C) of silage corn-runner bean were intercropped. All of the mixtures were grown under irrigation. The corn-runner bean fields were planted in the second week of May and harvested in the first week of September in both years. Green beans were harvested three times each year and green bean yields were recorded each time. After the 3rd harvest of green bean, residues of bean and corn together were randomly harvested from a 1 $m^{2}$ area by hand using a clipper when the bean started to dry and corn was at the dough stage. Green mass yields of each plot were recorded. Silages were prepared from each plot (triplicate) in 1 L mini-silos. After 60 d ensiling, subsamples were taken from this material for determination of dry matter (DM), pH, organic acids, chemical composition, and in vitro DM digestibility of silages. The LER index was also calculated to evaluate intercrop efficiencies with respect to sole crops. Average pH, acetic, propionic and butyric acid concentrations were similar but lactic acid and ammonia-N levels were significantly different (p<0.05) among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn. Ammonia-N levels linearly increased from 0.90% to 2.218 as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio. While average CP content increased linearly from 6.47 to 12.45%, and average NDF and ADF contents decreased linearly from 56.17 to 44.88 and from 34.92 to 33.51%, respectively, (p<0.05) as the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, but DM and OM contents did not differ among different mixtures of bean intercropped with corn (p>0.05). In vitro OM digestibility values differed significantly among bean-corn mixture silages (p<0.05). Fresh bean, herbage DM, IVOMD, ME yields, and LER index were significantly influenced by percentage of bean in the mixtures (p<0.01). As the percentage of bean increased in the mixtures up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, yields of fresh bean (from 0 to 24,380 kg/ha) and CP (from 1,258.0 to 1,563.0 kg/ha) and LER values (from 1.0 to 1.775) linearly increased, but yields of herbage DM (from 19,670 to 12,550 kg/ha), IVOMD (from 12,790 to 8,020 kg/ha) and ME (46,230 to 29,000 Mcal/ha) yields decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, all of the bean-corn mixtures provided a good silage and better CP concentrations. Even though forage yields decreased, the LER index linearly increased as the percentage of bean increased in the mixture up to a 50:50 seeding ratio, which indicates a greater utilization of land. Therefore, a 50:50 seeding ratio seemed to be best for optimal utilization of land in this study and to provide greater financial stability for labor-intensive, small farmers.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of light intensity and electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution during short day treatment in an ebb and flow systems on the growth and nutrient uptake of potted Kalanchoe blossfeldiana 'Rako' and the nutrient accumulation of growing medium. Nutrient concentrations in the growing medium were also analyzed to investigate the accumulation rates of macro-nutrients such as T-N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. To achieve the objectives, plants were fed with a nutrient solution with 1.2, 1.8, or $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ under three daily photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 4.26, 5.51, or $9.75mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$. Both light intensity and EC of nutrient solution significantly influenced the crop growth. The elevation of PPFs resulted in the increase of plant growth. For each light condition, plant growth, such as dry and fresh weight and leaf area, was the highest when the electrical conductivity of nutrient solution was controlled to $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. However, growth was acceptable in the EC ranges from 1.8 to $2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. Both light intensity and EC of nutrient solution significantly influenced the uptake of nutrients in the solution tanks and the accumulation of nutrients in the growing medium. As the EC of nutrient solution was elevated, the absorption rates of $NO_3^-$, $PO_4^{-3}$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$ by crops and accumulation of those in growing medium increased, but the light intensity did not significantly influence the absorption rates. Based on the above results, the regression models were suggested for anticipating the macro-nutrient accumulations in growing medium.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to assess the importance of ballast water discharge as a vector for the introduction of exotic species into Pusan and Daesan Ports, Korea. We also examined to understand the impacts of environmental factors on the survival success of introduced species by ship's ballast water in laboratory experiments. Seven ship's ballast water originated from the coastal water of China (Taicang, Ningbo and Jinshan), Japan (Tokuyama, Moji and Akita), and Singapore. According to PCA (principal components analysis) analysis, environmental factor in the each ballast and shipside waters were different by bioregion. Based on cluster analysis, the phytoplankton community structures were distinguished for ballast water origin. Most of the major taxonomic groups were diatoms and, the others were dinoflagellate, silcoflagellate and several fresh-waters species. In particular, species number and standing crops of phytoplankton in the ballast tanks decreased with the increasing age ofballast water(r = -0.35 for standing crop; r = -0.63 for species number). In the laboratory study, although phytoplankton in ballast water treatment did not survive even in optimal temperature, the in vivo fluorescence of phytoplankton viability increased under the nutrient typical of shipside water and F/2 medium at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. The diatoms species such as Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana in ballast water were successfully regrown. On the salinity gradient experiments for Shui Shan (2) vessel, several freshwater species, brackish and marine species were successfully adapted. Of these, S.costatum was able to tolerate a wide range of salinities (10 to 30 psu) and its species-specific viability was suitable for colonization.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2012

Using calli of $Muscari$ $armeniacum$ cv. 'Early Giant' that is monocotyledonous ornamental bulb crop with increasing demand in Korea, we carried out current studies to establish an in vitro multiple propagation protocol via somatic embryogenesis. We found that soft pale yellow green calli were induced from leaf explants cultured on all media containing 0.1~3.0 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ auxins such as 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). However, induced calli showed vigorous growth only when they further transferred on same media containing 2,4-D, 4-amino-3,5,6-tri-chloropicolinic acid (picloram), or 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Although frequency of somatic embryo induction depended on callus source and PGR composition in somatic embryo induction media, somatic embryogenesis was initiated on surface of proliferated calli after transferring on media with no PGR or 0.01 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA co-supplemented with various cytokinins such as $N^6$-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Highest number of embryo at 9.3 per callus clump was obtained when calli which were grown under 0.1 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ picloram supplementation were sub-cultured on medium with 0.01 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NAA and 0.5 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ BAP. In addition, morphological characteristics of somatic embryo were categorized into following nine phases: globular, biased heart, biased torpedo, early cotyledonary, middle cotyledonary, late cotyledonary, early sprouting, middle sprouting, and late sprouting embryos.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.578-583
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• 2010

Acid rain and its problem to environment such as acid precipitation and environmental problems related to the air pollution in East Asia has been emerging. To evaluate the acidity and chemical characteristics of rainwater precipitated in western Korea, Suwon and Taean, its pH and ion concentrations were investigated during farming season (April to November) in 2009. Also, ion composition and cation-affected neutralization were determined to evaluate the contribution of cations on the acidity of rainwater. Ion and electrical conductivity between the measured and the estimated showed high correlation. The $Na^+$ in rainwater was the main cation followed by ${NH_4}^+>Ca^{2+}>H^+>Mg^{2+}>K^+$. Sum of $Na^+$ and ${NH_4}^+$ contents was over 65% of total cations contents. In the case of anions, the concentration was in order of ${SO_4}^{2-}>{NO_3}^->Cl^-$. The ${SO_4}^{2-}$ among anions in rainwater composed about 61%, which showed on average 130.2 ${\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$ and 121.3 ${\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$ during monitoring at Suwon and Taean, respectively. Also, 89.6 and 88.6% of soluble sulfate in rainwater at Suwon and Taean area was NSS-${SO_4}^{2-}$ (Non-Sea Salt sulfate). Especially, ${NH_4}^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ contributed greatly in neutralizing the acid rain in dry season. Total nitrogen content flowed into soil from rain was around 1~2 kg $ha^{-1}$ in each month, but in July at Suwon, it reached 6 kg $ha^{-1}$ due to heavy rain (over 7.3 mm).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2011

The seasonal occurrence of Riptortus pedestris Fabricius was investigated using pheromone traps baited with its aggregation pheromone in the fields with various crop composition (mixture culture of barley and hairy vetch in Asan, Chungnam; monoculture of hairy vetch in Yuseung, Daejeon) from mid-May to mid-July of seed gathering season in 2010. The invasion of R. pedestris into the experimental fields began to increase rapidly from late-June in which period hairy vetch and barley reach the beginning of seed formation stage. After seed gathering season in mid-July, the invasion rate of R. pedestris decreased, and the activity was continually observed till early-November. In addition to dominant R. pedestris species, 33 species of hemiptera including Apolyaus watajii, Dolycoris baccarum, Adelphocoris suturalis, and Yemma exlis were collected, which indicated abundant species diversity in the hairy vetch fields. In the laboratory, R. pedestris did not developed successfully to adult stage on food sources of hairy vetch, with decreasing survival rate after 4th instar and the failure of emergence to adult stage. Also, R. pedestris showed higher preference on soybeans than hairy vetch. Consequently, hairy vetch may be not true host for the development and survival of R. pedestris. It is considered that R. pedestris is a temporary visitor at the season of seed formation in hairy vetch fields.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1986

The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids extracted from leaves and leaf mitochondria, which were sampled from several horicultural plants grown under blue color-deficient sunlight (BCDS), were determined and compared with those from plants grown under natural white colored sunlight(WCS). It was found that the mitochondria isolated from plants grown under BCDS contained phospholipid whose degree of unsaturation in unit of number of double bonds per lipid molecule was remarkably higher than that from plants grown under WCS, the relative increment being $8{\sim}49%$. This was significantly larger than the relative increment, $4{\sim}8%$ for total phospholipid extracted from whole leaves grown under BCDS campared to WCS. This observation demonstrated that the blue light effect of sunlight on the chemical property of cellular membranes, as long as it was concerned with fatty acid composition, arose mainly at the mitochondrial membrane. Also observing that the degree of unsaturation of mitochondrial phospholipid was much lower than that of total phospholipid, it was interpreted that this was the consequence of rather active oxidative destruction of lipid-fatty acid components occuring in mitochondrial membrane by the reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide($O_2-$), which was known to be produced in mitochondrial inner membrane through the side reactions of the respiratory electron transport chain and also probably through the photosensitized reaction involving oxygen induced by blue colored light. Thus, it may be tentatively concluded that the extent of photosensitization in mitochondrial membrane could be considerably reduced under BCDS resulting in lowering of the $O_2-$ level in the respirating organelle The possible involvement of photodynamic action in membrane oxidation was also indicated by the fact that the typical fat-soluble antioxidant, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, was found to be contained on a higher level in leaves under BCDS than those under WCS.