• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.24-36
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• 2019

This study shows that the role of residents in landscape management is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to suggest elements that can continue the operation of landscape agreements and directions for promoting them. Therefore, 1)the operational elements considering the sustainability of the landscape agreements were proposed by way of literature research, expert interviews, and surveys. 2)The sustainable operation of elements of the landscape agreement were applied and best practices were developed through interviews with participants and literature analysis. 3)The final plan operational elements considering the sustainability of the landscape agreements and the directions for implementation were presented. As for the results, it was first presented that the elements of continuous operation of the landscape agreement, consisted of 3 major categories, 10 subcategories, and 25 details. These include resident awareness, practical applicability, effectiveness of administrative means, securing the budget, maintenance, public relations, expert support, dedicated support organization, sustainability of participation, and resident participation and communication methods. It is a detailed list of items that should be considered in the preparation phase, maintenance phase, and conclusion phase. Second, it suggested the direction for the sustainable operation of the landscape agreements be highly backed by the residents, and after reaching consensus on a landscape agreement, it is necessary that the agreement is based on contents that the residents can execute themselves. In addition, it was found that there is a need for a system to prepare the basis for securing the budget for the continuity of work, preparation of the landscape agreements, and consultation and activity costs during the maintenance phase. In addition, continuous exchanges and capacity building among residents have signed landscape agreements, and step-by-step support from experts in accordance with the level of involvement of residents is necessary. Third, even if a landscape agreement is concluded in connection with public projects, it is understood that the residents have the capacity to participate and can continue to support the administration and experts to enable the continued operation of the landscape agreement.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.43
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• pp.173-208
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• 2008

This study analyses the business performance according to the business diversification of Korean mass media enterprises from year 2003 to 2006. The conclusions drawn which could be divided into five main parts are the followings: First, newspaper companies pursue unrelated diversification in various industrial areas, in order to gain maximum profit while broadcasting companies exert themselves to provide better service by diversifying the major contents. Second, overall the interviewed companies display a constant decline in profit gained from their major business area thus establishing strategies to broaden their focus on diversification of any sort. Third, the researcher completed group analysis in regard of diversification measure resulting in division of three groups. The group which had the most immense diversification range gained the highest ROE, the lowest ROE volatility, and lesser probability of risk taking. The analysis adresses the companies broadening their business areas by researching and focusing on diversification are relatively stable in terms of the profit they gain. Fourth, the middle level group in terms of sales scale, debts, enterprise history, major share rate and high ROE group carry out diversification progressively. The sales scale affects positively to diversification, while the major share rate affects negatively to diversification. Fifth, in accordance to the research, diversification overall contributes to obtainance of successful outcome. Since there was not an immense amount of studies to be referred in the media area, the researcher interviewed and did panel discussion with numerous strategists and managers who are in charge of diversification of media companies. However, collection of only 4 years of data limits the research to be considered to be a generalized study, and does not reflect time gap between business diversification and business performance. Development is required in future studies to be established regarding the media companies' specificity different to other industries, classified the media companies into media types, and consider the time gap in the diversification activities and business performance.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.504-519
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• 2020

Oceanic fronts, which are areas where sea water with different properties meet in the ocean, play an important role in controlling weather and climate change through air-sea interactions and marine dynamics such as heat and momentum exchange and processes by which properties of sea water are mixed. Such oceanic fronts have long been described in secondary school textbooks with the term 'Jokyung water zone (JWC hereafter) or oceanic front', meaning areas where the different currents met, and were related to fishing grounds in the East Sea. However, higher education materials and marine scientists have not used this term for the past few decades; therefore, the appropriateness of the term needs to be analyzed to remove any misconceptions presented. This study analyzed 11 secondary school textbooks (5 middle school textbooks and 6 high school textbooks) based on the revised 2015 curriculum. A survey of 30 secondary school science teachers was also conducted to analyze their awareness of the problems. An analysis of the textbook contents related to the JWC and fishing grounds found several errors and misconceptions that did not correspond with scientific facts. Although the textbooks mainly uses the concept of the JWC to represent the meeting of cold and warm currents, it would be reasonable to replace it with the more comprehensive term 'oceanic front', which would indicate an area where different properties of sea water-such as its temperature, salinity, density, and velocity-interact. In the textbooks, seasonal changes in the fishing grounds are linked to seasonal changes in the North Korean Cold Current (NKCC), which moves southwards in winter and northwards in summer; this is the complete opposite of previous scientific knowledge, which describes it strengthening in summer. Fishing grounds are not limited to narrow coastal zones; they are widespread throughout the East Sea. The results of the survey of teachers demonstrated that this misconception has persisted for decades. This study emphasized the importance of using scientific knowledge to correct misconceptions related to the JWC, fishing grounds, and the NKCC and addressed the importance of transferring procedures to the curriculum. It is expected that the conclusions of this study will have an important role on textbook revision and teacher education in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1753-1759
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of components obtained from Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Zanthoxylum piperitum on rancidity and quality of Kwamegi (semi-dried Pacific saury, Coloabis saira). Ethanol extract (ZS) of Zanthoxylum schinifolium leaves or the essential oil (ZP) obtained from pericarp of Zanthoxylum piperitum in 1 or 20% ethanol solution was sprayed to the Pacific saury before Kwamegi preparation at its final concentrations of 0.125~2 ppm in the Kwamegi. The prepared Kwamegi was vacuum packed with multi-layered film (polyethylene/polyamide/EVOH/polyethylene, thickness 80 μm) and kept at -20${^{\circ}C}$ until use. After opening the package Kwamegi was stored at 4${^{\circ}C}$ for 1, 3 and 7 days during which rancidity tests and sensory evaluation were carried out. Acid, peroxide, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values increased with storage time but reduced significantly by the addition of ZS at the concentrations of ≥G0.125 ppm and ZP≥F0.25 ppm. The effects of ZS and ZP were dose-dependent and more pronounced as storage time prolonged. The ZS and ZP also reduced dimethyamine and trimethyamine (TMA) contents which were increased with time, while they prevented the decrease of trimethyamine oxide. The ZS at the concentration of ≥G0.25 ppm and the ZP at >0.5 ppm were needed to maintain TMA less than 4.5 mg/100 g for 3 day storage at 4${^{\circ}C}$. Sensory evaluation of the Kwamegi exhibited a slightly higher preference with the ZS and ZP treated ones at the level of 0.25~0.5 ppm. It is concluded that very low amounts of ZS and ZP are effective in suppression of rancidity of Kwamegi and could be utilized for its quality management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2009

For the effective use of salmon processing by-products, the food components of muscle around pectoral fin (MAPF) were investigated and compared with those of salmon fillet muscle (SFM). The proximate composition of MAPF was 64.4% for the moisture, 17.2% for the crude protein, 16.2% for the crude lipid and 1.4% for the ash. The pH, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content and yield of MAPF were 6.73, 7.8 mg/100 g and 7.4 (g/100 g SFM), respectively. The trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble-N content of MAPF was 479 mg/100 g, which was lower than that (612 mg/100 g) of SFM. The Hunter value of MAPF was 54.86 for L value, 22.08 for a value, 22.41 for b value and 52.35 for ${\Delta}$E value, which were similar to those of SFM. The total content in amino acids of MAPF was 17.1 g/100 g, its major amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and lysine. The major fatty acids of MAPF were 16:0, 18:1n-9 and 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. No differences were found in the major fatty acids and the major amino acids between MAPF and SFM. The calcium and phosphorus contents of MAPF were 19.1 mg/100 g and 211.7 g/100 g, respectively. These results suggested that MAPF could be used as seafood resources.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.41-72
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is the investigation of the effects of user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities. In this research, stickiness refers to repeat visit and visit duration to an Internet community. Continued use means the willingness to continue to use an Internet community in the future. Internet community-based companies can earn money through selling the digital contents such as game, music, and avatar, advertizing on internet site, or offering an affiliate marketing. For such money making, stickiness and continued use of Internet users is much more important than the number of Internet users. We tried to answer following three questions. Fist, what is the effects of user participation on stickiness and continued use on Internet communities? Second, by what is user participation formed? Third, are network effect, social influence, and usefulness that was significant at prior research about technology acceptance model(TAM) still significant on internet communities? In this study, user participation, network effect, social influence, and usefulness are independent variables, stickiness is mediating variable, and continued use is dependent variable. Among independent variables, we are focused on user participation. User participation means that Internet user participates in the development of Internet community site (called mini-hompy or blog in Korea). User participation was studied from 1970 to 1997 at the research area of information system. But since 1997 when Internet started to spread to the public, user participation has hardly been studied. Given the importance of user participation at the success of Internet-based companies, it is very meaningful to study the research topic of user participation. To test the proposed model, we used a data set generated from the survey. The survey instrument was designed on the basis of a comprehensive literature review and interviews of experts, and was refined through several rounds of pretests, revisions, and pilot tests. The respondents of survey were the undergraduates and the graduate students who mainly used Internet communities. Data analysis was conducted using 217 respondents(response rate, 97.7 percent). We used structural equation modeling(SEM) implemented in partial least square(PLS). We chose PLS for two reason. First, our model has formative constructs. PLS uses components-based algorithm and can estimated formative constructs. Second, PLS is more appropriate when the research model is in an early stage of development. A review of the literature suggests that empirical tests of user participation is still sparse. The test of model was executed in the order of three research questions. First user participation had the direct effects on stickiness(${\beta}$=0.150, p<0.01) and continued use (${\beta}$=0.119, p<0.05). And user participation, as a partial mediation model, had a indirect effect on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.007, p<0.05). Second, optional participation and prosuming participation significantly formed user participation. Optional participation, with a path magnitude as high as 0.986 (p<0.001), is a key determinant for the strength of user participation. Third, Network effect (${\beta}$=0.236, p<0.001). social influence (${\beta}$=0.135, p<0.05), and usefulness (${\beta}$=0.343, p<0.001) had directly significant impacts on stickiness. But network effect and social influence, as a full mediation model, had both indirectly significant impacts on continued use mediated through stickiness (${\beta}$=0.11, p<0.001, and ${\beta}$=0.063, p<0.05, respectively). Compared with this result, usefulness, as a partial mediation model, had a direct impact on continued use and a indirect impact on continued use mediated through stickiness. This study has three contributions. First this is the first empirical study showing that user participation is the significant driver of continued use. The researchers of information system have hardly studies user participation since late 1990s. And the researchers of marketing have studied a few lately. Second, this study enhanced the understanding of user participation. Up to recently, user participation has been studied from the bipolar viewpoint of participation v.s non-participation. Also, even the study on participation has been studied from the point of limited optional participation. But, this study proved the existence of prosuming participation to design and produce products or services, besides optional participation. And this study empirically proved that optional participation and prosuming participation were the key determinant for user participation. Third, our study compliments traditional studies of TAM. According prior literature about of TAM, the constructs of network effect, social influence, and usefulness had effects on the technology adoption. This study proved that these constructs still are significant on Internet communities.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.151-161
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• 2006

This study was made to find out how health practice affect on nutrition status of the college freshmen in male and female. 400 freshmen students in 4year colleges were surveyed. Questionnaire and blood analysis were made. The contents of questionnaire contained general characteristics, health practice behavior, and food intake. The physical measurement included height, weight and blood pressure. The questions for health practice were about drinking, smoking, BMI, skipping breakfast and sleeping. Nutrient intake was expressed by DDS(Dietary Diversity Score by 5 food groups) and DVS (Dietary Variety Score) and 24-hrs recall method was used to find out the quantity of daily food intake. EAR% was calculated and NAR and MAR were produced. The results are as follows: 1) BMI was $22.77kg/m^2$ for males and $20.42kg/m^2$ for females. The ratio maintaining normal weight indicated by BMI of 18.5-23 was higher(p<0.001) for female students(63.2%) than males(56.5%). The ratio of overweight with over $23kg/m^2$ of BMI was 28.5% for males and 8.8% for females(p<0.001). 2)The ratio of drinking students was 59.4% for males and 40.6% for female(p<0.001). And the ratio of smoking students was 95.2% for males and 4.8% for females(p<0.001). 3) The ratio of poor health practice group was 35.7% for males and 25.5% for females, and that of excellent one was 25.4% for males and 33.1% for females(p<0.05). 4) In NAR, the lowest ratio was observed for the intake of Ca, Fe, Vitamin C and Vitamin $B_2$. The intake of Fe, Vitamin $B_2$ and phosphorus were different significantly according to sexuality. For Fe, female students showed lower level than male students(p<0.001). For Vitamin $B_2$, and phosphorus female students showed higher level(p<0.001). 5) In MAR, there was no difference according to sexuality in almost all of the ingredients. 6) For energy intake, male and female students showed 59% and 66% of EAR and it was insufficient for them. 7) For protein, more than 100% was obtained. The lowest ratio was observed for the intake of vitamin C 50.8%, Ca 53.6% and Fe 65.1% of EAR were obtained. The lowest intake ratio and for the intake of Fe female students obtained just 37.5% of EAR showing high risk of anemia. The intake of energy(p<0.001), phosphorus(p<0.01), niacin(p<0.05), Fe(p<0.001), and Vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001) were different significantly according to sexuality. For Fe, female students showed lower level than male students(p<0.001). For energy, phosphorus, niacin, and Vitamin $B_2$ female students showed higher level(p<0.001) than male students. 8) For blood pressure, male students showed normal level of 120.7/79.1 mmHg, however, female students showed 114.5/75.4 mmHg lower than male (p<0.001). 9). In blood, for hemoglobin female students showed significantly lower level than that of male(p<0.001). T-Cholesterol and HDL-Cholesterol female students showed higher level than males (p<0.001), And for triglyceride male students showed higher level than females(p<0.001). Ca and Fe female students showed lower level (p<0.001).

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.95-105
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• 2013

Recently, SME's Collaboration activities have become one of a vital factor for sustaining competitive edge. This is because of the rapidly changing and competitive market environment, and also to leverage performance by overcoming obstacles of having limited internal resources. Discussing about the effects and relationships of the firm's collaboration activities and its outputs are not new. However, as ICT and various technologies have been diffused into the traditional industries, boundaries and practice capabilities within the industries are becoming ambiguous. Thus contents of the products/services and their development methods are also go and come over the industries. Although many researchers suggested the relations of SME's collaboration activities and innovation performances, most of the previous literatures are focusing on broad perspectives of firm's environmental factors rather than considering various SME's idiosyncrasy factors such as their major product and customer types at once. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze how SME(Small Medium Enterprise)'s external collaboration activities by their idiosyncrasy act as an input to types of innovation performance. In order to analyze collaboration effects in detail, we defined factors that can represent the SME's business environment - Perceived importance of using external resources, Perceived importance of external partnership, Collaboration and Collaboration levels of Major Product types, Customer types and lastly the Firm Sizes. We have also specifically divided the performance of innovation types as product innovation and process innovation based on existing research. In this study, the empirical analysis is based on Probit Regression Model to observe the correlations with the impact of each SME's business environment and their activities. For the empirical data, 497 samples were collected which, this sample data was extracted from the 'Korean Open Innovation Survey' performed by ETRI(Korean Electronics Telecommunications Research Institute) in 2010. As a result, empirical test results indicated that the impact of collaboration varies depend on the innovation types (Product and Process Innovation). The Impact of the collaboration level for the product innovation tend to be more effective when SMEs are developing for a final product, targeting on for individual customers (B2C). But on the other hand, the analysis result of the Process innovation tend to be higher than the product innovation, when SMEs are developing raw materials for their partners or to other firms targeting on for manufacturing industries(B2B). Also perceived importance of using external resources has effected to both product and process innovation performance. But Perceived importance of external partnership was statistically insignificant. Interesting finding was that the service product has negative effects on for the process innovation performance. And Relationship between size of the firms and their external collaboration activities with their performance of the innovations indicated that the bigger firms(over 100 of employees) tend to have better for both product and process innovations. Finally, implications of the results can be suggested as performance of innovation can be varied depends on firm's unique business idiosyncrasy as well as levels of external collaboration activities. The Implication of this research can be considered for firms in selecting an appropriate strategy as well as for policy makers.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.116-127
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• 1998

The Necessity of Cyber University. Within the rapidly changing environment of global economics, the environment of higher education in the universities, also, has been, encountering various changes. Popularization on higher education related to 1lifetime education system, putting emphasis on the productivity of education services and the acquisition of competitiveness through the market of open education, the breakdown of the ivory tower and the Multiversitization of universities, importance of obtaining information in the universities, and cooperation between domestic and oversea universities, industry and educational system must be acquired. Therefore, in order to adequately cope wi th these kinds of rapid changes in the education environment, operating Cyber University by utilizing various information technologies and its fixations such as Internet, E-mail, CD-ROMs, Interact ive Video Networks (Video Conferencing, Video on Demand), TV, Cable etc., which has no time or location limitation, is needed. Using informal ion and telecommunication technologies, especially the Internet is expected to Or ing about many changes in the social, economics and educational area. Among the many changes scholars have predicted, the development and fixations of Distant Learning or Cyber University was the most dominant factor. In the case of U. S. A., Cyber University has already been established and in under operation by the Federate Governments of 13 states. Any other universities (around 500 universities has been opened until1 now), with the help of the government and private citizens have been able to partly operate the Cyber University and is planning on enlarging step-by-step in the future. It could be seen not only as U. S. A. trying to elevate its higher education through their leading information technologies, but also could be seen as their objective in putting efforts on subordinating the culture of the education worldwide. UTRA University in U. S. A., for example, is already exporting its class lectures to China, and Indonesia regions. Influenced by the Cyber University current in the U.S., the Universities in Korea is willing .to arrange various forms of Cyber Universities. In line with this, at JUNAM National University, internet based Cyber University, which has set about its work on July of 1997, is in the state of operating about 100 Cyber Universities. Also, in the case of Hanam University, the Distant Learning classes are at its final stage of being established; this is a link in the rapid speed project of setting an example by the Korean Government. In addition, the department of education has selected 5 universities, including Seoul Cyber Design University for experimentation and is in the stage of strategic operation. Over 100 universities in Korea are speeding up its preparation for operating Cyber University. This form of Distant Learning goes beyond the walls of universities and is in the trend of being diffused in business areas or in various training programs of financial organizations and more. Here, in the hope that this material would some what be of help to other Universities which are preparing for Cyber University, I would 1ike to introduce some general concepts of the components forming Cyber University and Open Education System which has been established by JUNAM University. System of Cyber University could be seen as a general solution offered by tile computer technologies for the management on the students, Lectures On Demand, real hour based and satellite classes, media product ion lab for the production of the multimedia Contents, electronic library, the Groupware enabling exchange of information between students and professors. Arranging general concepts of components in the aspect of Cyber University and Open Education, it would be expressed in the form of the establishment of Cyber University and the service of Open Education as can be seen in the diagram below.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2003

Objectives: This paper introduces need and supply level of rural mental health care service and especially focuses on the evaluation for the community mental health programs of Public Health Centers(PHCs) in rural areas as the facilities for primary mental health care. Methods: We defined the need as prevalance rate and service utilization rate, for which reviewed the results of the epidemiological study of mental disorders using Korean Composite International Diagnostic Interview surveyed on a nationwide scale in 2001. Supply was appraised in terms of psychiatric beds and primary mental heath care facilities such as private psychiatric clinics, facilities for social rehabilitation, PHCs running community mental health programs. For this, we reveiwed a variety of annual reports related mental health published by Ministry of Health and Welfare. To evaluate the community mental health programs of PHCs in rural areas, we selected. randomly samples out of the 3rd community health plans including the contents of community mental health programs, which submitted by 89 rural counties and 44 cities mixed with rural areas, and used the program's guideline established by central government as a standard. Results: Prevalence rates of major psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, alcoholism, major depression, anxiety disorder were higher in rural area than in urban area and 8.9% of psychiatric patients in both areas stayed at homes contacted with mental health manpower more than one time during the last year. Psychiatric beds were sufficiently supplied, but urban area had less beds than rural area contrary to general health care service. Psychiatric clinics were supplied very insufficiently in rural areas and PHCs bridged the gap instead. However rural PHCs got less financial support for community mental health programs from higher positioned agencies than urban PHCs. Rural community health programs not supported hardly worked out. Conclusions: Central government should consider a special policy for rural primary mental health care, because private psychiatric clinics can't be introduced in rural areas due to demand-deficiency and the financial independence of rural counties was very vulnerable.