• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.230-239
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• 2020

Previous studies have shown disrupted synaptic plasticity and neural activity in depression. Such alteration is strongly associated with disrupted synaptic structures. Chronic stress has been known to induce changes in dendritic structure in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but antidepressant effect on structure of these brain areas has been unclear. Here, the effects of imipramine on dendritic spine density and morphology in BLA and mPFC subregions of stressed mice were examined. Chronic restraint stress caused depressive-like behaviors such as enhanced social avoidance and despair level coincident with differential changes in dendritic spine structure. Chronic stress enhanced dendritic spine density in the lateral nucleus of BLA with no significant change in the basal nucleus of BLA, and altered the proportion of stubby or mushroom spines in both subregions. Conversely, in the apical and basal mPFC, chronic stress caused a significant reduction in spine density. The proportion of stubby or mushroom spines in these subregions overall reduced while the proportion of thin spines increased after repeated stress. Interestingly, most of these structural alterations by chronic stress were reversed by imipramine. In addition, structural changes caused by stress and blocking the changes by imipramine were corelated well with altered activation and expression of synaptic plasticity-promoting molecules such as phospho-CREB, phospho-CAMKII, and PSD-95. Collectively, our data suggest that imipramine modulates stress-induced changes in synaptic structure and synaptic plasticity-promoting molecules in a coordinated manner although structural and molecular alterations induced by stress are distinct in the BLA and mPFC.

• 한국아동복지학
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• 제36호
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• pp.101-132
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• 2011

본 연구는 서울시내 12개 어린이집을 이용하는 3~5세 유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니들(N=429)을 대상으로, 생활사건 스트레스와 만성적 스트레스의 구성요인이 부모효능감에 영향을 미치는 경로에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 소득집단을 비교하며 차이를 실증적으로 밝히고자 하였다. 소득하위집단 어머니들은 소득상위집단 어머니들보다 더 높은 수준의 우울증상을 보였으며, 소득하위집단 어머니들이 생활사건스트레스와 만성적 스트레스의 경험빈도와 심각성에서 소득상위집단 어머니들보다 양적 차이를 보여 심각한 경험을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 매개효과 검증 결과 생활사건 스트레스와 만성적 스트레스가 직접적으로 부모효능감에 영향을 미치지는 않고 어머니 우울증상을 매개로 하여 부모효능감에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 생활사건 스트레스와 만성적 스트레스 둘 다 우울증상의 유의한 영향요인들이었으며, 특히 만성적 스트레스는 더 큰 효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 총 효과 분석에서도 부모효능감에 대한 영향은 생활사건 스트레스보다 만성적 스트레스에 의해 더 큰 것을 알 수 있었다. 어머니의 우울증상에 만성적 스트레스의 영향력이 소득하위집단 가정이 소득상위집단 가정보다 컸으며, 어머니의 우울증상에의 생활사건 스트레스의 영향력과 부모효능감에의 어머니의 우울증상의 영향력은 소득상위집단 가정이 소득하위집단 가정보다 더 컸다. 고위험 상황에서 효과적인 부모역할을 극대화하기 위해서는 어머니들은 환경적 어려움에 반하여 우선 그들의 심리적 복지를 보호할 필요가 있다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 부모나 아동에 대한 향후 사회적 지원 대책에 관해 논의하였다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2018

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the relationships among stress response inventory, hospital anxiety and depression, muscle tone and stiffness, and hand strength in chronic stroke patients. METHODS: A total of 14 chronic stroke patients voluntarily agreed to this experiment and were included in this study. All measurements were performed in one day and in a room without noise. The tests conducted in this study were as follows: muscle tone and stiffness of the upper trapezius hand grip measurement. Subjects were also asked to complete surveys describing the following: stress response inventory and hospital anxiety and depression scale. RESULTS: There were significant correlations among stress response inventory and hospital anxiety and depression, stress response inventory and hand strength, and hospital anxiety and depression and hand strength (P<.05). There were high positive correlations between stress response inventory and hospital anxiety and depression (r=.979), while there were moderate negative correlations between stress response inventory and hand strength (r=-.415) and between hospital anxiety and depression and hand strength (r=-.420). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that there is a relationship among stress response inventory, hospital anxiety and depression, and hand strength in patients with chronic stroke.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.386-394
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• 2019

Trypanosoma cruzi infection results in debilitating cardiomyopathy, which is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the endemic regions of Chagas disease (CD). The pathogenesis of Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCM) has been intensely studied as a chronic inflammatory disease until recent observations reporting the role of cardio-metabolic dysfunctions. In particular, we demonstrated accumulation of lipid droplets and impaired cardiac lipid metabolism in the hearts of cardiomyopathic mice and patients, and their association with impaired mitochondrial functions and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CD mice. In the present study, we examined whether treating infected mice with an ER stress inhibitor can modify the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy during chronic stages of infection. T. cruzi infected mice were treated with an ER stress inhibitor 2-Aminopurine (2AP) during the indeterminate stage and evaluated for cardiac pathophysiology during the subsequent chronic stage. Our study demonstrates that inhibition of ER stress improves cardiac pathology caused by T. cruzi infection by reducing ER stress and downstream signaling of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor ($P-elF2{\alpha}$) in the hearts of chronically infected mice. Importantly, cardiac ultrasound imaging showed amelioration of ventricular enlargement, suggesting that inhibition of ER stress may be a valuable strategy to combat the progression of cardiomyopathy in Chagas patients.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.621-639
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• 2022

Cortisol and corticosterone, hormones traditionally considered biomarkers of stress, can be measured in fluid biomatrices (e.g., blood, saliva) from live animals to evaluate conditions at sampling time, or in solid biomatrices (e.g., hair, feather) from live or dead animals to obtain information regarding long-term changes. Using these biomarkers to evaluate physiological stress responses in domestic animals may be challenging due to the diverse characteristics of biomatrices for potential measurement. Ideally, a single measurement from the biomatrix should be sufficient for evaluating chronic stress. The availability of appropriate and cost-effective immunoassay methods for detecting the biomarkers should also be considered. This review discusses the strengths and limitations of different biomatrices with regard to ensuring the highest possible reliability for chronic stress evaluation. Overall, solid biomatrices require less frequent sampling than other biomatrices, resulting in greater time- and cost-effectiveness, greater ease of use, and fewer errors. The multiplex immunoassay can be used to analyze interactions and correlations between cortisol and other stress biomarkers in the same biomatrix. In light of the lack of information regarding appropriate biomatrices for measuring chronic stress, this review may help investigators set experimental conditions or design biological research.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.306-316
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• 2022

Chronic stress contributes to the risk of developing depression; the habenula, a nucleus in epithalamus, is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders. Using genome-wide gene expression analysis, we analyzed the transcriptome of the habenula in rats exposed to chronic restraint stress for 14 days. We identified 379 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were affected by chronic stress. These genes were enriched in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, the cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) signaling pathway, circadian entrainment, and synaptic signaling from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and responded to corticosteroids, positive regulation of lipid transport, anterograde trans-synaptic signaling, and chemical synapse transmission from the Gene Ontology analysis. Based on protein-protein interaction network analysis of the DEGs, we identified neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, circadian entrainment, and cholinergic synapse-related subclusters. Additionally, cell type and habenular regional expression of DEGs, evaluated using a recently published single-cell RNA sequencing study (GSE137478), strongly suggest that DEGs related to neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and trans-synaptic signaling are highly enriched in medial habenular neurons. Taken together, our findings provide a valuable set of molecular targets that may play important roles in mediating the habenular response to stress and the onset of chronic stress-induced depressive behaviors.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.139-152
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• 2004

Objective: The aim of this study was to find about relation between Chiljung(七情) and chronic recurrent abdominal pain in children. Methods: It was surveyed the oriental medical book concerning Chiljung(七情) and western medical book concerning Chronic recurrent abdominal pain. Results: Chronic recurrent abdominal pain which is common disorder in children is mostly functional abdominal pain due to stress. The Stress can be defined as spiritual factor which lead to imbalance of body homeostasis in medicine. In oriental medicine, it is considered as Chiljung(七情) disorder. The gastrointestinal disease due to stress are peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic abdominal pain, vomitting etc. In oriental medicine pathology mechanism, it is considered as discord with liver and spleen, depression of spleen-energy. It comes within the category of depression. Children with chronic recurrent abdominal pain is dependent on parents and they have an introspective nature, compulsive idea which is intolerable for failure.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 2010

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the primary endocrine system to respond to stress. The HPA axis may be affected by increased level of corticotrophin-releasing factors under chronic stress and by chronic administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chronic MSG administration aggravates chronic variable stress (CVS)-induced behavioral and hormonal changes. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200~220 g, were divided into 4 groups as follows: water administration (CON), MSG (3 g/kg) administration (MSG), CVS, and CVS with MSG (3 g/kg) administration (CVS＋MSG). In addition, for the purpose of comparing the effect on plasma corticosterone levels between chronic stress and daily care or acute stress, 2 groups were added at the end of the experiment; the 2 new groups were as follows: naive mice (n=7) and mice exposed to restraint stress for 2 h just before decapitation (A-Str, n=7). In an open field test performed after the experiment, the CVS＋MSG group significant decrease in activity. The increase in relative adrenal weights in the CVS and CVS＋MSG group was significantly greater than those in the CON and/or MSG groups. In spite of the increase in the relative adrenal weight, there was a significant decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels in the CVS＋MSG group as compared to all other groups, except the naive group. These results suggest that impaired HPA axis function as well as the decrease in the behavioral activity in adult rats can be induced by chronic MSG administration under CVS rather than CVS alone.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.492-496
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• 2004

This research was carried out to examine the correlation between the patients of functional dyspepsia and four constitution (Sasang Constitution). This research examined the correlation of functional dyspepsia versus Sasang Constitution, chronic fatigue, and mental stress in 100 cases of functional dyspepsia. No significant correlation was witnessed between average duration of dyspepsia and gender, and smorking. There was tendency of increased duration of indigestion in relation with length of chronic fatigue and the degree of mental stress. Significant difference was found between the patients with indigestion and Sasang Constitution types. Soeumin among the patients with indigestion were numerous and it was significantly different with normal people. Significant correlation was found between the period of indigestion and chronic fatigue and the degree of mental stress. Significant difference was found between the patients with indigestion and Sasang Constitution types.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2000

연구목적 : 본 연구는 위궤양환자와 만성표재성위염환자를 대상으로 두 환자군간의 스트레스인자 및 스트레스반응 지각, 대응전략을 비교하기 위해 시행되었다. 방법 : 대상은 내과에 내원한 위궤양환자 40명과 만성표재성위염환자 100명으로 구성되었다. 스트레스인자 및 스트레스반응 지각은 스트레스인자지각 척도(Global Assessment of Recent Stress Scale) 및 스트레스반응지각 척도(Perceived Stress Response Inventory)에 의해, 대응전략은 대응척도(Coping Scale) 에 의해 각각 평가되었다. 결과 : 위궤양환자들이 만성위염환자들보다 일 및 직장, 대인관계의 변화에 관련된 스트레스인자 지각점수가 각각 유의하게 더 높았다. 한편 만성위염환자들은 위궤양환자들보다 일반적 신체증상, 특정 신체증상, 수동반응적 및 부주의 행동과 같은 스트레스반응 지각점수가 각각 유의하게 더 높았다. 한편 대응전략에서는 위궤양환자들이 만성위염환자들에 비해 사회적 지지추구, 도피 회피를 더 많이 사용하였다. 결론 : 상기 결과들은 위궤양환자들이 만성위염환자들보다 스트레스인자지각은 높은 반면 스트레스반응지각은 더 낮고 대응전략에서는 더 의존적이며 소극적임을 시사해준다.