• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.21
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• pp.10-10
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• 2008

Silicide is inevitable for CMOSFETs to reduce RC delay by reducing the sheet resistance of gate and source/drain regions. Ni-silicide is a promising material which can be used for the 65nm CMOS technologies. Ni-silicide was proposed in order to make up for the weak points of Co-silicide and Ti-silicide, such as the high consumption of silicon and the line width limitation. Low resistivity NiSi can be formed at low temperature ($\sim500^{\circ}C$) with only one-step heat treat. Ni silicide also has less dependence of sheet resistance on line width and less consumption of silicon because of low resistivity NiSi phase. However, the low thermal stability of the Ni-silicide is a major problem for the post process implementation, such as metalization or ILD(inter layer dielectric) process, that is, it is crucial to prevent both the agglomeration of mono-silicide and its transformation into $NiSi_2$. To solve the thermal immune problem of Ni-silicide, various studies, such as capping layer and inter layer, have been worked. In this paper, the Ni-silicide utilizing Pd stacked layer (Pd/Ni/TiN) was studied for highly thermal immune nano-scale CMOSFETs technology. The proposed structure was compared with NiITiN structure and showed much better thermal stability than Ni/TiN.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 패널 내부 인터페이스의 하나인 2세대 AiPi+의 클록-데이터 복원 회로(Clock & Data Recovery)를 제안하였다. 제안하는 클록-데이터 복원 회로의 속도는 기존 AiPi+ 보다 빠른 1.25 Gbps 로 향상되었으며 다중 위상 클록을 생성하기 위하여 Delay-Locked Loop(DLL)를 사용하였다. 본 논문에서는 패널 내부 인터페이스의 저전력, 작은 면적의 이슈를 만족하는 클록-데이터 복원 회로를 설계하였다. 매우 간단한 방법으로 자동적으로 Harmonic-locking 문제를 해결할 수 있는 주파수 검출기 구조를 제안하여 기존 주파수 검출기(Frequency Detector)의 복잡도, 전류 소모, 그리고 외부 인가에 따른 문제를 개선하였으며, 전압 제어 지연 라인(Voltage Controlled Delay Line) 에서 상승/하강 시간 차이에 따른 에지의 사라짐 현상을 막기 위해서 펄스 폭의 최대치를 제한하는 펄스 폭 오류 보정 방법을 사용하였다. 제안하는 클록-데이터 복원 회로는 CMOS 0.18 ${\mu}m$ 공정으로 제작되었으며 면적은 $660\;{\mu}m\;{\times}\;250\;{\mu}m$이고, 공급 전압은 1.8 V이다. Peak-to-Peak 지터는 15 ps, 입력 버퍼, 이퀄라이저, 병렬화기를 제외한 클록-데이터 복원 회로의 소모 전력은 5.94 mW 이다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제49권12호
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• pp.184-193
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 고속 직렬 링크에 사용할 수 있는 5비트 2.0GS/s 2-way time interleaved 파이프라인 ADC 기반의 수신기를 소개한다. 샘플링 주파수를 높이기 위해, ADC 각 단은 트랙킹과 증폭이 동시에 수행되는 전류 모드 구조를 사용하였다. 또한 ADC 각단에 1-tap FIR 등화기를 탑재하여 별도의 디지털 후처리 없이 채널의 ISI를 감소시켰다. 제안한 수신기는 110nm 공정을 사용하여 설계하였다. 메모리를 제외한 수신기는 $0.58{\times}0.42mm^2$의 크기를 갖고, 동작전압 1.2V에서 91mW의 전력을 소모한다. 시뮬레이션 결과 2.0GS/s 샘플링 주파수에서 20MHz의 입력 주파수와 Nyquist 주파수인 1.0GHz 입력신호에 대하여 동일하게 26.0dB의 SNDR과 4.0비트의 ENOB특성을 확보하였다.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.91-105
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• 2016

Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNTFETs) have been studied as candidates for post Si CMOS owing to the better electrostatic control and high mobility. To enhance the immunity against short - channel effects (SCEs), the novel channel and gate engineered architectures have been proposed to improve CNTFETs performance. This work presents a comprehensive study of the influence of channel and gate engineering on the CNTFET switching, high frequency and circuit level performance of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). At device level, the effects of channel and gate engineering on the switching and high frequency characteristics for CNTFET have been theoretically investigated by using a quantum kinetic model. This model is based on two-dimensional non-equilibrium Green's functions (NEGF) solved self - consistently with Poisson's equations. It is revealed that hetero - material - gate and lightly doped drain and source CNTFET (HMG - LDDS - CNTFET) structure can significantly reduce leakage current, enhance control ability of the gate on channel, improve the switching speed, and is more suitable for use in low power, high frequency circuits. At circuit level, using the HSPICE with look - up table(LUT) based Verilog - A models, the impact of the channel and gate engineering on basic digital circuits (inverter, static random access memory cell) have been investigated systematically. The performance parameters of circuits have been calculated and the optimum metal gate workfunction combinations of ${\Phi}_{M1}/{\Phi}_{M2}$ have been concluded in terms of power consumption, average delay, stability, energy consumption and power - delay product (PDP). In addition, we discuss and compare the CNTFET-based circuit designs of various logic gates, including ternary and binary logic. Simulation results indicate that LDDS - HMG - CNTFET circuits with ternary logic gate design have significantly better performance in comparison with other structures.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권12호
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• pp.20-35
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• 2016

본 논문에선 병렬 십진 곱셈기의 축약 단계의 면적과 지연시간을 감소시켜 성능을 향상시키기 위해 다중 피연산자 십진 CSA과 개선된 십진 CLA를 이용한 트리 구조를 제안한다. 제안한 부분곱 축약 트리는 십진수 부분곱에 대해 다중 피연산자 십진 CSA를 사용하여 빠르게 부분곱을 축약한다. 각 CSA에서는 리코딩에 입력의 범위를 제한함으로써 가장 간단한 리코더 로직을 얻는다. 그리고 각 CSA는 특정한 아키텍처 트리의 특정한 위치에서 범위가 제한된 십진수를 더하기 때문에 부분곱 축약 단계의 연산을 효율적으로 수행할 수 있다. 또한, 사용되는 십진 CLA의 로직을 개선하여 BCD 결과를 빠르게 얻을 수 있다. 제안한 십진 부분곱 축약 단계의 성능의 평가를 위해 Design Compiler를 통해 SMIC사의 180nm CMOS 공정 라이브러리를 이용하여 합성하였다. 일반 방법을 이용하는 축약 단계에 비해 제안한 부분곱 축약 단계의 지연시간은 약 15.6% 감소하였고 면적은 약 16.2% 감소하였다. 또한 십진 CLA의 지연시간과 면적이 증가가 있음에도 불구하고 전체 지연시간과 전체 면적이 감소함을 확인하였다.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2021년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.630-633
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• 2021

전달받은 음성신호를 전기신호로 바꾸어주는 마이크로폰은 라디오, 스마트 기기, 차량 등의 다양한 산업 분야에 널리 사용되어왔다. 최근 스마트폰 기술의 발달과 무선이어폰의 소형화에 따라 초소형 고감도 마이크로폰에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 차세대 초소형 마이크로폰 시스템의 후보로 MEMS 센서가 개발되고 있으며 이를 지원하는 ROIC 대한 개발 또한 활발하다. 마이크로폰 시스템은 주변의 잡음뿐만 아니라, 함께 사용되는 전자회로의 잡음에 대해서도 민감하므로, 낮은 노이즈를 갖는 전원을 공급할 수 있는 전원장치와 노이즈를 최소화할 수 있는 설계 방법들이 필요하다. 이에 본 논문은 MEMS 마이크로폰 센서 모듈에 사용 가능한 낮은 전원 노이즈를 갖는 LDO(low drop output) 레귤레이터 IC 구조를 제안한다. 제안한 회로는 2.0~3.6V를 공급받아 1.3V의 출력을 내보낼 수 있으며 라이트 로드에서 10mA까지 드라이브할 수 있다. 제안하는 LDO는 1.2mV/V의 line regulation, 0.63mV/mA의 load regulation 특성을 가지며 20Hz~20kHz까지 누적 적분 출력 잡음은 13uV 이하의 특성을 가진다. TSMC 180nm 공정으로 post layout simulation을 진행하였으며 설계한 칩의 면적은 325㎛ × 165㎛다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.975-976
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• 1993

This talk presents the overview of the author's research and development activities on fuzzy inference hardware. We involved it with two distinct approaches. The first approach is to use application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) technology. The fuzzy inference method is directly implemented in silicon. The second approach, which is in its preliminary stage, is to use more conventional microprocessor architecture. Here, we use a quantitative technique used by designer of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) to modify an architecture of a microprocessor. In the ASIC approach, we implemented the most widely used fuzzy inference mechanism directly on silicon. The mechanism is beaded on a max-min compositional rule of inference, and Mandami's method of fuzzy implication. The two VLSI fuzzy inference chips are designed, fabricated, and fully tested. Both used a full-custom CMOS technology. The second and more claborate chip was designed at the University of North Carolina(U C) in cooperation with MCNC. Both VLSI chips had muliple datapaths for rule digital fuzzy inference chips had multiple datapaths for rule evaluation, and they executed multiple fuzzy if-then rules in parallel. The AT & T chip is the first digital fuzzy inference chip in the world. It ran with a 20 MHz clock cycle and achieved an approximately 80.000 Fuzzy Logical inferences Per Second (FLIPS). It stored and executed 16 fuzzy if-then rules. Since it was designed as a proof of concept prototype chip, it had minimal amount of peripheral logic for system integration. UNC/MCNC chip consists of 688,131 transistors of which 476,160 are used for RAM memory. It ran with a 10 MHz clock cycle. The chip has a 3-staged pipeline and initiates a computation of new inference every 64 cycle. This chip achieved an approximately 160,000 FLIPS. The new architecture have the following important improvements from the AT & T chip: Programmable rule set memory (RAM). On-chip fuzzification operation by a table lookup method. On-chip defuzzification operation by a centroid method. Reconfigurable architecture for processing two rule formats. RAM/datapath redundancy for higher yield It can store and execute 51 if-then rule of the following format: IF A and B and C and D Then Do E, and Then Do F. With this format, the chip takes four inputs and produces two outputs. By software reconfiguration, it can store and execute 102 if-then rules of the following simpler format using the same datapath: IF A and B Then Do E. With this format the chip takes two inputs and produces one outputs. We have built two VME-bus board systems based on this chip for Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The board is now installed in a robot at ORNL. Researchers uses this board for experiment in autonomous robot navigation. The Fuzzy Logic system board places the Fuzzy chip into a VMEbus environment. High level C language functions hide the operational details of the board from the applications programme . The programmer treats rule memories and fuzzification function memories as local structures passed as parameters to the C functions. ASIC fuzzy inference hardware is extremely fast, but they are limited in generality. Many aspects of the design are limited or fixed. We have proposed to designing a are limited or fixed. We have proposed to designing a fuzzy information processor as an application specific processor using a quantitative approach. The quantitative approach was developed by RISC designers. In effect, we are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of a specialized RISC processor for fuzzy information processing. As the first step, we measured the possible speed-up of a fuzzy inference program based on if-then rules by an introduction of specialized instructions, i.e., min and max instructions. The minimum and maximum operations are heavily used in fuzzy logic applications as fuzzy intersection and union. We performed measurements using a MIPS R3000 as a base micropro essor. The initial result is encouraging. We can achieve as high as a 2.5 increase in inference speed if the R3000 had min and max instructions. Also, they are useful for speeding up other fuzzy operations such as bounded product and bounded sum. The embedded processor's main task is to control some device or process. It usually runs a single or a embedded processer to create an embedded processor for fuzzy control is very effective. Table I shows the measured speed of the inference by a MIPS R3000 microprocessor, a fictitious MIPS R3000 microprocessor with min and max instructions, and a UNC/MCNC ASIC fuzzy inference chip. The software that used on microprocessors is a simulator of the ASIC chip. The first row is the computation time in seconds of 6000 inferences using 51 rules where each fuzzy set is represented by an array of 64 elements. The second row is the time required to perform a single inference. The last row is the fuzzy logical inferences per second (FLIPS) measured for ach device. There is a large gap in run time between the ASIC and software approaches even if we resort to a specialized fuzzy microprocessor. As for design time and cost, these two approaches represent two extremes. An ASIC approach is extremely expensive. It is, therefore, an important research topic to design a specialized computing architecture for fuzzy applications that falls between these two extremes both in run time and design time/cost. TABLEI INFERENCE TIME BY 51 RULES {{{{Time }}{{MIPS R3000 }}{{ASIC }}{{Regular }}{{With min/mix }}{{6000 inference 1 inference FLIPS }}{{125s 20.8ms 48 }}{{49s 8.2ms 122 }}{{0.0038s 6.4㎲ 156,250 }} }}