• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2015

In this study, genotyping was executed by using 27 microsatellite markers for genetic diversity of 469 Korean Native Chickens [20 population, each population is 24 samples but Hanhyup A line is 13 samples). in total 469 samples were collected from National Institute of Animal Science (Korean Native Chicken (NR, NY, NG, NL and NW), Ogye (NO), Leghorn F,K (NF and NK), Black and Brown cormish (NH and NS), Rhode Island Red C, D (NC and ND), Total is 12 populations] and Hanhyup [H line (HH), F line (HF), G line (HG), V line (HV), S line (HS), W line (HW), Y line (HY), A line (HA), total is 8 populations]. [The allele number were observed 5 (ADL0268) to 20 (MCW0127) each markers. Observed heterozygostiy ($H_{obs}$), expected heterozygosity ($H_{exp}$), polymorphism Information Content (PIC) were observed 0.359 to 0.677, 0.668 to 0.881 and 0.646 to 0.869, respectively. Using these markers, the calculated the heterozygote deficit within chicken line ($F_{is}$) value each population from mean 0.117. Phylogenetic tree showing the genetic relationship among 20 population using standard genetic distance calculated from 27 microsatellite markers. genetic distances revealed the closest (0.175) between NC and ND. on the other hand, Farthest genetic distances (0.710) revealed between NF and HV. STRUCTURE analysis and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) showed that results of similar phylogenetic tree. The expected probability of identity values on random individuals (Total population and only Hanhyup line) was estimated at $8.80{\times}10^{-83}$ and $3.87{\times}10^{-117}$, respectively. In conclusion, This study shows the useful data that be utilized as a basic data of Korean Native Chicken breeding and development for commercial chicken industry to meet the consumer's demand.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.167-197
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• 1991

This paper is intended as an introductory essay to explain endogenous changes in the scope of firm activities in the competitive structure of a deregulated, multi-product financial industry. Recently, the global financial industry has been experiencing a widespread reshuffling in its activities, reflecting both consolidation and specialization. The spread of the universal banking system, which involves the integration of various kinds of financial activities, has resulted in the so-called financial supermarket. At the same time, the traditional set of banking activities has been unbundled into so-called financial boutiques. A relevant question is where the current reshuffling process of integration and disintegration in financial activities might lead the financial industry. However, presently popular theories of the financial industry are not really appropriate for the analysis of this issue. This paper attempts to integrate the theory of specialization [George J. Stigler, "The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. LIX, No.3, June 1951] and the theory of the multi-product firm [William J. Baumol, John C. Panzar, and Robert D. Willig, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1982] and to apply the resulting hybrid theory, a theory on the scope of financial activity, to the financial industry. The implications of this theory for the issues raised above are formalized under five hypotheses on the reshuffling of financial activities as listed below: Hypothesis I: The differences in the organization of financial industries among countries are determined by differences in the size of the financial markets, other things being equal. Hypothesis II: A financial firm will separate those financial activities simultaneously having relatively strong economies of scale and relatively weak economies of scope (alternatively, diseconomies of scope) from other activities. Conversely, the firm will integrate those activities simultaneously having relatively weak economies of scale (alternatively, diseconomies of scale) and relatively strong economies of scope with incumbent activities. Hypothesis III: A competitive equilibrium in the deregulated financial industry will consist of both specialized and multi-product financial firms, resulting in a mixed form of specialized and universal banking systems. Hypothesis IV: As world financial markets fully integrate and all countries consequently face this single, common world market, the financial structures of individual countries will become increasingly similar. Hypothesis V: A more universal banking system will dominate the deregulated financial industry in countries with relatively small financial markets, while a more specialized banking system will dominate in countries with relatively large financial markets. However, equilibrium will ultimately be mixed, with specialized and universal banks coexisting, as stated in Hypothesis III. Based on these hypotheses, this paper interprets the historical development of specialized vs. universal banking systems in major industrial countries as a process driven by the evolution of the financial market in each country - i.e. the change in the size of the financial market over time. In addition, this paper anticipates that the final equilibrium of the world financial industry, which is currently under the pressure of financial innovations and deregulation, will be a mixed equilibrium with both specialized boutiques and universal supermarket-type financial firms, instead of an exclusively specialized or universal banking system. Future research should seek continued theoretical elaboration and empirical verification of this paper's hypotheses.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.3
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• pp.275-287
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze forest vegetation type classification and relationships between the type and environment factor in Mt. Dutasan. Data were collected by total of forty six plots using Z-M phytosociological method from June to October, 2016, and analyzed by vegetation classification, canopy layer structure and relationships between vegetation unit and environment factor using coincidence methods. As a result of vegetation type classification, Quercus mongolica community group was classified at a top level of vegetation hierarchy that was classified into Rhododendron schlippenbachii community and Betula costata community. R. schlippenbachii community was divided into Lychnis cognata group and R. schlippenbachii typical group. L. cognata group was subdivided into Veratrum oxysepalum subgroup and L. cognata typical subgroup. B. costata community was divided into Fraxinus mandshurica group and Betula schmidtii group. F. mandshurica group was subdivided into Weigela subsessilis subgroup and Cimicifuga heracleifolia subgroup. Therefore the forest vegetation was composed of six vegetation units with two kinds of bisected species groups and fourteen species groups. As the result of an analysis of canopy layer structure, there were two kinds of structures with monotonous structures V. oxysepalum subgroup (vegetation units 1), L. cognata typical subgroup (vegetation units 2), W. subsessilis subgroup (vegetation units 4) and complicated structures R. schlippenbachii typical group (vegetation units 3), C. heracleifolia subgroup (vegetation units 5), Betula schmidtii group (vegetation units 6). The vertical layer structure of vegetation unit 5 was the most developed and vegetation unit 6 had the lowest coverage of herb layer. According to the correlation between vegetation unit and environmental factor, R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) were classified based on 1,100 m of altitude, middle slope, twenty of slope degree, twenty percents of bare rock and thirty centimeters of DBH in tree layer. R. schlippenbachii community (vegetation units 1~3) showed positive correlation with altitude, topography and B. costata community (vegetation units 4~6) showed negative correlation tendency with them.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.213-221
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine in vitro developmental ability of porcine embryos after somatic cell nuclear transfer. The porcine ear fell was cultured in vitro for confluency in serum-starvation condition(TCM-199 + 0.5% FBS) far 3~6 days of cell confluency. The zona pellucida of IVM oocytes were partially drilled using laser system. Single somatic cell was individually transferred into enucleated oocytes. And the reconstructed embryos were electrically fused(single DC 1.9kv/cm, 30$\mu$ sec) with 0.3M mannitol. After electrofusion, embryos were activated(single AC 5v/mm, 5sec) and cultured in HCSU-23 medium containing 10% FBS at 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air for 6 to 8 days. The fusion rate of donor cells was 45.6, 36.8 and 46.1% in 3~4, 5~6 days of serum starvation and non serum starvation(N-S), and were 52.7. 53.0 and 51.7% in 1~2. 5~6 and 13~14 passages of donor cell culture, respectively. No significant difference was found in the fusion rate of donor cells by the duration of serum starvation treatment or the number of donor cell passages. By the size of donor cells, however, the fusion rate was significantly higher(P<0.05) for reconstructed embryos derived from 25r $\mu$m $\geq$ site of donor cells (65.3%) than that of 25~30$\mu$ m(42.5%) or 30$\mu$ m(45.5%)$\leq$ cells. The cleavage rate was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 3~4 darts of serum starvation treatment(67.1%) than that in N-S (50.7%) or 5~6 days of starvation(57.1%). The activation rate by the size of donor cells in fused oocytes was 56.5, 68.8 and 58.5%, respectively, and was not significant.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2010

Purpose: Recently, many hospitals have been tried to increase the satisfaction of the outpatients through blood-gathering, exam, result notice and process in a day. Each laboratory has been used the automatic equipment for the rapid requests of the result notice and the increase of the reliability and efficiency. Current automatic equipments that have been limited short TAT(Turn-Around Time)because of the restricted batch lists and 1 tip-5 detectors. The Gamma Pro which is made in Korea to improve the shortcomings of existing automation equipment, complemented with capacity to perform a wide range of domestic automation equipment. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness and reliability of short TAT by comparing Gamma Pro with current automatic equipment. Materials and Methods: We studied the correlation between Gamma Pro and RIA-mat 280 using the respective 100 specimens of low or high density to the patients who were requested the thyroid hormone test (Total T3, TSH and Free T4) in Samsung Medical Center Sep. 2009. To evaluate the split-level Gamma Pro, First, we measured accuracy and carry over on the tips. Second, the condition of optimal incubation was measured by the RPM (Revolution Per Minute) and revolution axis diameter on the incubator. For the analysis for the speed of the specimen-processing, TAT was investigated with the results in a certain time. Result: The correlation coefficients (R2) between the Gamma Pro and RIA-mat 280 showed a good correlation as T3 (0.98), TSH (0.99), FT4 (0.92). The coefficient of variation (C.V) and accuracy was 0.38 % and 98.3 % at tip 1 and 0.39 % and 98.6 % at tip 2. Carry over showed 0.80 % and 1.04% at tip 1 and tip 2, respectively. These results indicate that tips had no effect on carry over contamination. At the incubator condition, we found that the optimal condition was 1.0mm of diameter at 600RPM in 1.0mm and 1.5mm of at 500RPM or 1.0mm and 1.5 mm of diameter at 600 RPM. the Gamma Pro showed that the number of exam times were increased as maximum 20 times/day comparing to 6 times/day by current automatic equipment. These results also led to the short TAT from 4.20 hour to 2.19 hours in whole processing. Conclusion: The correlation of between the Gamma Pro and RIA-mat 280 was good and has not carry over contamination in tips. The domestic automation equipment (Gamma Pro) decreases the TAT in whole test comparing to RIA-280. These results demonstrate that Gamma Pro has a good efficiency, reliability and practical usefulness, which may contribute to the excellent skill to process the large scale specimens.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.294-299
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• 2006

$\underline{Purpose}$: Using cone beam CT, we can compare the position of the patients at the simulation and the treatment. In on-line image guided radiation therapy, one can utilize this compared data and correct the patient position before treatments. Using cone beam CT, we investigated the errors induced by setting up the patients when use only the markings on the patients' skin. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: We obtained the data of three patients that received radiation therapy at the Department of Radiation Oncology in Chung-Ang University during August 2006 and October 2006. Just as normal radiation therapy, patients were aligned on the treatment couch after the simulation and treatment planning. Patients were aligned with lasers according to the marking on the skin that were marked at the simulation time and then cone beam CTs were obtained. Cone beam CTs were fused and compared with simulation CTs and the displacement vectors were calculated. Treatment couches were adjusted according to the displacement vector before treatments. After the treatment, positions were verified with kV X-ray (OBI system). $\underline{Results}$: In the case of head and neck patients, the average sizes of the setup error vectors, given by the cone beam CT, were 0.19 cm for the patient A and 0.18 cm for the patient B. The standard deviations were 0.15 cm and 0.21 cm, each. On the other hand, in the case of the pelvis patient, the average and the standard deviation were 0.37 cm and 0.1 cm. $\underline{Conclusion}$: Through the on-line IGRT using cone beam CT, we could correct the setup errors that could occur in the conventional radiotherapy. The importance of the on-line IGRT should be emphasized in the case of 3D conformal therapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, which have complex target shapes and steep dose gradients.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1983

To estimate the possible amount of weed-crop competitions under the various cropping patterns of two rice cultivars of different type, comparisons between weedy check and weed-free plots in plant height, tillering number, and plant weight were investigated. Fluctuations in Importance Value, competition value, and net productivities were used to discuss the crop-weed competition, respectively. As a result, differences in dominant weed species, competitive crop variety, most effective cropping pattern, and crop yielding characteristics under the different weed competitions were investigated, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2010

This study was conducted to develope identification method with major broad leaved weed seedlings. Characteristics of weed seedlings were investigated at two to four true leaf stage. Qualitative characteristics were more useful to identification of weed species than quantitative characteristics at the seedling stage. Many species were elliptic and broadly elliptic type in their cotyledon shape. Cotyledon shape of Cassia nomame and Calystegia sepium were broadly oblong. Four species were transverse broadly elliptic in their cotyledon shape. Rumex japonicus, Persicaria hydropiper, Euphorbia supina and Acalypha australis have three or more types in their cotyledon shape. Cotyledons of Vigna angularis var. nipponensis remained below ground after its germination. Many species were round in apex and were cuneate in base of cotyledon. Humulus japonicus and Polygonum aviculare were sessile in cotyledon base. The second true leaf shape of some species changed after first leaf stages. Glycine soja, V. angularis var. nipponensis and Kummerowia striata were broadly ovate, heart-shaped, orbicular or broadly obovate in their first true leaf, respectively, but the second true leaf shape of them were tripalmately compound. Aeschynomene indica and Cassia nomame were paripinnately compound leaf in their first and second true leaves. Margin of true leaves were entire in many species but six species including Xanthium occidentale were dentate in their true leaf margins. Margin of Euphorbia supina was entire in first true leaf and dentate in second true leaf. Margin of Chenopodium album and C. serotinum were entire in their first true leaf stage and erose in their second true leaf stage. The key for weed seedling identification of major weed species were made based on quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.61-95
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• 2007

Small-and-medium sized enterprises(SMEs) represent quite a large proportion of the industry as a whole in terms of the number of enterprises or employees. However researches on information system so far have focused on large companies, probably because SMEs were not so active in introducing information systems as larger enterprises. SMEs are now increasingly bringing in information systems such as ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning Systems) and some of the companies already entered the stage of ongoing use. Accordingly, researches should deal with the use of information systems by SME s operating under different conditions from large companies. This study examined factors and mechanism inducing faithful appropriation of information systems, in particular integrative systems such as ERP, in view of individuals` active feedback-seeking behavior. There are three factors expected to affect end users` feedback-seeking behavior for faithful appropriation of information systems. They are management support, peer IT champ support, and IT staff support. The main focus of the study is on how these factors affect feedback-seeking behavior and whether the feedback-seeking behavior plays the role of mediator for realizing faithful appropriation of information systems by end users. To examine the research model and the hypotheses, this study employed an empirical method based on a field survey. The survey used measurements mostly employed and verified by previous researches, while some of the measurements had gone through minor modifications for the purpose of the study. The survey respondents are individual employees of SMEs that have been using ERP for one year or longer. To prevent common method bias, Task-Technology Fit items used as the control variable were made to be answered by different respondents. In total, 127 pairs of valid questionnaires were collected and used for the analysis. The PLS(Partial Least Squares) approach to structural equation modeling(PLS-Graph v.3.0) was used as our data analysis strategy because of its ability to model both formative and reflective latent constructs under small-and medium-size samples. The analysis shows Reliability, Construct Validity and Discriminant Validity are appropriate. The path analysis results are as follows; first, the more there is peer IT champ support, the more the end user is likely to show feedback-seeking behavior(path-coefficient=0.230, t=2.28, p<0.05). In other words, if colleagues proficient in information system use recognize the importance of their help, pass on what they have found to be an effective way of using the system or correct others' misuse, ordinary end users will be able to seek feedback on the faithfulness of their appropriation of information system without hesitation, because they know the convenience of getting help. Second, management support encourages ordinary end users to seek more feedback(path-coefficient=0.271, t=3.06, p<0.01) by affecting the end users' perceived value of feedback(path-coefficient=0.401, t=6.01, p<0.01). Management support is far more influential than other factors that when the management of an SME well understands the benefit of ERP, promotes its faithful appropriation and pays attention to employees' satisfaction with the system, employees will make deliberate efforts for faithful appropriation of the system. However, the third factor, IT staff support was found not to be conducive to feedback-seeking behavior from end users(path-coefficient=0.174, t=1.83). This is partly attributable to the fundamental reason that there is little support for end users from IT staff in SMEs. Even when IT staff provides support, end users may find it less important than that from coworkers more familiar with the end users' job. Meanwhile, the more end users seek feedback and attempt to find ways of faithful appropriation of information systems, the more likely the users will be able to deploy the system according to the purpose the system was originally meant for(path-coefficient=0.35, t=2.88, p<0.01). Finally, the mediation effect analysis confirmed the mediation effect of feedback-seeking behavior. By confirming the mediation effect of feedback-seeking behavior, this study draws attention to the importance of feedback-seeking behavior that has long been overlooked in research about information system use. This study also explores the factors that promote feedback-seeking behavior which in result could affect end user`s faithful appropriation of information systems. In addition, this study provides insight about which inducements or resources SMEs should offer to promote individual users' feedback-seeking behavior when formal and sufficient support from IT staff or an outside information system provider is hardly expected. As the study results show, under the business environment of SMEs, help from skilled colleagues and the management plays a critical role. Therefore, SMEs should seriously consider how to utilize skilled peer information system users, while the management should pay keen attention to end users and support them to make the most of information systems.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1 s.115
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• pp.21-31
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• 2006

The objectives of this study were to analyze trends of temporal water quality and trophic state in Andong and Imha reservoirs using chemical dataset during 1993 ${\sim}$ 2004, obtained from the Ministry of Environment, Korea. According to long-term limnological analyses, Suspended solids (SS) in Imha Reservoir were 2 ${\sim}$ 8 fold2 greater, than those in SS of Andong Reservoir, and the high solids increased total phosphorus (TP) and biological oxygen demand ($BOD_5$) and decreased the transparency, measured as Secchi depth (SD). Chlorophyll-a (CHL-a) increased little or decreased slightly in the both reservoirs during the high solids, resulting in reduced yields of CHL-a : TP ratios. The deviation analysis of Trophic State Index (TSI) in Imha Reservoir showed that about 70% of TSI (CHL-a)-TSI (SD) and TSI (CHL-a)-TSI(TP) values were less than zero and the lowest values were-60, indicating that influence of inorganic solids (or non-volatile solids) on phytoplankton growth was evident in Imha Reservoir and the impact was greater than that of Andong Reservoir. Inorganic solids in Imha Reservoir resulted in light limitation on phytoplankton growth and thus contributed variations in the relations among three parameters of trophic state index. Especially, seasonal data analysis of nutrients in both reservoirs showed that during the postmonsoon, mean TP concentration was Imha Reservoir greater in than that in Andong Reservoir. The higher TP concentrantion was mainly attributed to increases of inorganic solids from soil erosions and nonpoint source inputs within the watershed. The high inorganic turbidity in Imha Reservoir should be reduced for the conservation of water quality for, especially a tap water supply.