• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.741-749
• /
• 1999

본 연구에서는 TDR의 반향파의 특성과 총토양전기전도도의 관계를 이용한 비포화 토양에서의 용존오염원 농도를 측정하는 방법을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 방법은 두 가지 중요한 관계를 결합한 것으로 첫 번째는 함수량이 일정할 경우 전기전도도와 토양수 농도는 선형관계를 유지한다는 것이며, 두 번째는 천이상태의 용존여염원의 농도를 측정할 수 있게 하기 위해 함수량과 전기전도도의 관계를 설정하는 것이다. 함수량과 전기전도도의 관계를 추정하는 식들이 여러 연구자들에 의하여 제안되었으나, 본 연구에서는 측정의 정확도를 높이기 위하여 한계함수량의 개념을 도입한 새로운 추정식을 제안하였다. 한계함수량 개념을 이용하여 실험자료를 선형, 비선형 구간으로 나누어 분석하였는데, 실험자료의 반영정도를 증가시킬 수 있어 본 연구에서 제안된 식을 이용하여 추정된 전기전도도와 함수량관계는 다른 제안식에 비하여 개선된 결과를 보여 주었다. 본 연구에서 제안된 전기전도도와 함수량관계 추정식을 이용한 천이상태의 오염원 농도 측정법은 함수량이 급하게 변하는 토양에도 적용할 수 있는 매우 유용한 방법으로 판단된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.64-69
• /
• 1981

사질토양(砂質土壤)의 투수계수(透水係數)에 대한 물성공극(生物孔隙)의 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하기 위하여 하성충적지(河成沖積地) 분포(分布)하고 있는 본양사양토(本良砂壤土) ( Coarse loamy over sandy, mixed, mesic family of Typic Udifluvents)를 사용(使用)하여 생물공극(生物孔隙)의 분포(分布)와 투수계수(透水係數)와의 관계를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 투수계수(透水係數)는 당량투과표면적(當量透過表面積)과 고도(高度)의 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있으나 가밀도와는 부(負)의 상관(相關)이 있었다. 2. 투수계수(透水係數)에 대한 생물공극(生物孔隙) 영향(影響)은 심토(心土)에서 크지만 인위적(人馬的) 교란(攪亂)이 심한 작토층(作土層) 토립(土粒)이 매우 큰 기층(基層)의 사토(砂土)에서는 적었다. 3. 가밀도는 생물공극(生物孔隙) 양(量)과 당량(當量) 투수표면적(透水表面積)에 유의적(有意的)인 회귀관계(回歸關係)를 나타내었다. 4. 생물공극(生物孔隙)의 분포(分布)와 가밀도는 토심간(土深間), 동일층위내(同一層位內)의 지점간(地點間)에 변이(變異)가 크다.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.301-306
• /
• 2014

Titanium alloys are extensively used in high-temperature applications due to their excellent high strength and corrosion resistance properties. However, titanium alloys are problematic because they tend to be extremely difficult-to-cut material. In this paper, the powder synthesis, spark plasma sintering (SPS), bulk material characteristics and machinability test of hybrid $Ti_2AlC$ ceramic bulk materials were systematically examined. The bulk samples mainly consisted of $Ti_2AlC$ materials with density close to theoretical value were synthesized by a SPS method. Random orientation and good crystallization of the $Ti_2AlC$ was observed at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min under SPS sintering conditions. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated a homogeneous distribution and nano-laminated structure of $Ti_2AlC$ MAX phase. The hardness and electrical conductivity of $Ti_2AlC$ were higher than that of Ti 6242 alloy at sintering temperature of $1000^{\circ}C{\sim}1100^{\circ}C$. Consequently, the machinability of the hybrid $Ti_2AlC$ bulk materials is better than that of the Ti 6242 alloy for micro-EDM process of micro-hole shape workpiece.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.204-209
• /
• 2016

The analyses on self-heating effect in 7 nm node non-rectangular Bulk FinFET device were performed using 3D device simulation with consideration to contact via and pad. From self-heating effect simulation, the position where the maximum lattice temperature occurs in Bulk FinFET device was investigated. Through the comparison of thermal resistance at each node, main heat transfer path in Bulk FinFET device can be determined. Self-heating effect with device parameter and operation temperature was also analyzed and compared. In addition, the impact of interconnects which are connected between the device on self-heating effect was investigated.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.23-23
• /
• 2009

It has been challenging to increase the thermoelectric figure of merit ($ZT=S^2{\sigma}T/\kappa$) of materials, which determine the efficiency of thermoelectric devices, because the three parameters Seebeck coefficient (S), electrical conductivity ($\sigma$), and thermal conductivity ($\kappa$) of bulk materials are inter-dependent. With the development of nanotechnology, ZT values of nanostructured materials are predicted to be enhanced by classical size effects and quantum confinement effects. In particular, Bi nanowires were suggested as one of ideal thermoelectric materials due to the expected quantum confinement effects for the simultaneous increase in Sand. In this work, we have investigated the thermal conductivity of individual single crystalline Bi nanowires with d = 98 nm and d = 327 nm in the temperature range 40 - 300 K using MEMS devices. The for the Bi nanowire with d = 98 nm was observed to be ~ 1.6 W/m-K at 300 K, which is much lower than that of Bi bulk (8 W/m-K at 300 K). This indicates that the thermal conductivity of the Bi suppressed due to enhanced surface boundary scattering in one-dimensional structures. Our results suggest that Bi nanowires grown by stress-induced method can be used for high-efficiency thermoelectric devices.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.108-114
• /
• 2021

In the manufacturing of bulk graphite, pores produced by vaporization and discharge of volatile materials in binders during carbonization reduce the density of bulk graphite, which adversely affects the electrical conductivity, strength and mechanical properties. Therefore, an impregnation process is introduced to fill the pores and increase the density of bulk graphite. In this study, bulk graphite is prepared by varying the viscosity of the impregnant. The microstructure of bulk graphite is observed. The flexural strength and electrical resistivity are measured. As the viscosity of the impregnants decreases and the number of impregnations increases, it is shown that the number of pores decreases. The density before impregnation is 1.62 g/㎤. The density increases to 1.67 g/㎤ and porosity decreases by 18.6 % after three impregnations using 5.1 cP impregnant, resulting in the best pore-filling effect. After three times of impregnation with a viscosity of 5.1 cP, the flexural strength increases by 55.2 % and the electrical resistivity decreases by 86.76 %. This shows that a slight increase in density due to the pore-filling effect improves the properties of bulk graphite.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제29권11호
• /
• pp.671-675
• /
• 2016

Skutterudite materials show PGEC (phonon glass electron crystal) characteristics which is an optimal strategy for designing high performance thermoelectric materials. Now two methods are in parallel to control thermal conductivity of skutterudites, a rattler-atoms doping method and a process for nanostructured bulk materials. Amount of rattler atoms in p-type skutterudite are depends on a Fe/Co ratio of matrix, and the optimal Fe/Co ratio has been reported about from 3:1 to 3.5:0.5 in $R(Fe,Co)_4Sb_{12}$ structure. In this paper, our discussion for rattler doping research was concentrated on double-rattler systems and DD-doped systems in p-type skutterudites. A melt spinning precess combined with high energy ball milling were suggested as a strategy for nanostructured bulk materials with PGEC (phonon glass electron crystal) characteristics in p-type skutterudites.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제52권5호
• /
• pp.331-337
• /
• 2015

$LaBO_3$ (B = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) perovskites, the most common perovskite-type mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs), are promising candidates for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFC) cathodes. The catalytic activity on MIEC-based cathodes is closely related to the bulk ionic conductivity. Doping B-site cations with other metals may be one way to enhance the ionic conductivity, which would also be sensitively influenced by the chemical composition of the dopants. Here, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we quantitatively assess the activation energies of bulk oxide ion diffusion in $LaBO_3$ perovskites with a wide range of combinations of B-site cations by calculating the oxygen vacancy formation and migration energies. Our results show that bulk oxide ion diffusion dominantly depends on oxygen vacancy formation energy rather than on the migration energy. As a result, we suggest that the late transition metal-based perovskites have relatively low oxygen vacancy formation energies, and thereby exhibit low activation energy barriers. Our results will provide useful insight into the design of new cathode materials with better performance.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.22-27
• /
• 2019

In this study, the effects of powder size and composition on the reflectance of Al-Si based alloys are presented. First, the reflectance of Al-Si bulk and powder are analyzed to confirm the effect of powder size. Results show that the bulk has a higher reflectance than that of powder because the bulk has lower surface defects. In addition, the larger the particle size, the higher is the reflectance because the interparticle space decreases. Second, the effect of composition on the reflectance by the changing composition of Al-Si-Mg is confirmed. Consequently, the reflectance of the alloy decreases with the addition of Si and Mg because dendrite Si and $Mg_2Si$ are formed, and these have lower reflectance than pure Al. Finally, the reflectance of the alloy is due to the scattering of free electrons, which is closely related to electrical conductivity. Measurements of the electrical conductivity based on the composition of the Al-Si-Mg alloy confirm the same tendency as the reflectance.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제23권5호
• /
• pp.379-383
• /
• 2016

A thick film of $Li_7La_3Zr_2O_{12}$ (LLZO) solid-state electrolyte is fabricated using the tape casting process and is compared to a bulk specimen in terms of the density, microstructure, and ion conductivity. The final thickness of LLZO film after sintering is $240{\mu}m$ which is stacked up with four sheets of LLZO green films including polymeric binders. The relative density of the LLZO film is 83%, which is almost the same as that of the bulk specimen. The ion conductivity of a LLZO thick film is $2.81{\times}10^{-4}S/cm$, which is also similar to that of the bulk specimen, $2.54{\times}10^{-4}S/cm$. However, the microstructure shows a large difference in the grain size between the thick film and the bulk specimen. Although the grain boundary area is different between the thick film and the bulk specimen, the fact that both the ion conductivities are very similar means that no secondary phase exists at the grain boundary, which is thought to originate from nonstoichiometry or contamination.