• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

Uniform $TiO_2$ blocking layers (BLs) are fabricated using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD) method. To improve the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the BL thickness is controlled by using USPD times of 0, 20, 60, and 100 min, creating $TiO_2$ BLs of 0, 40, 70, and 100 nm, respectively, in average thickness on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass. Compared to the other samples, the DSSC containing the uniform $TiO_2$ BL of 70 nm in thickness shows a superior power conversion efficiency of $7.58{\pm}0.20%$ because of the suppression of electron recombination by the effect of the optimized thickness. The performance improvement is mainly attributed to the increased open-circuit voltage ($0.77{\pm}0.02V$) achieved by the increased Fermi energy levels of the working electrodes and the improved short-circuit current density ($15.67{\pm}0.43mA/cm^2$) by efficient electron transfer pathways. Therefore, optimized $TiO_2$ BLs fabricated by USPD may allow performance improvements in DSSCs.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2005

The prototype Chlorella virus PBCV-l encodes 11 tRNA genes and over 350 protein-encoding genes in its 330 kbp genome. Initial attempts to overexpress the recombinant A189/192R protein, a putative virus attachment protein, in E. coli strain BL21(DE3) SI were unsuccessful, and multiple protein bands were detected on Western blots. However, the full-length A189/192R recombinant protein or fragments derived from it were detected when they were expressed in E. coli BL21 CodonPlus (DE3) RIL, which contains extra tRNAs. Codon usage analysis of the a189/192r gene showed highly biased usage of the AGA and AVA codons compared to genes encoded by E. coli and Chlorella. In addition, there were biases of XXA/U($56\%$) and XXG/ C($44\%$) in the codons recognized by the viral tRNAs, which correspond to the codon usage bias in the PBCV-1 genome of XXA/U ($63\%$) over those ending in XXC/G ($37\%$). Analysis of the codon usage in the major capsid protein and DNA polymerase showed preferential usage of codons that can be recognized by the viral tRNAs. The Asn (AAC) and Lys (AAG) codons whose corresponding tRNA genes are duplicated in the tRNA gene cluster were the most abundant (i.e., preferred) codons in these two proteins. The tRNA genes encoded in the PBCV-l genome seem to play a very important role during the synthesis of viral proteins through supplementing the tRNAs that are frequently used in viral proteins, but are rare in the host cells. In addition, these tRNAs would help the virus to adapt to a wide range of hosts by providing tRNAs that are rare in the host cells.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.191-195
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• 2003

The impact of antibiotic (Norfloxacin) administration ,at different concentration (50 ppm and 100 ppm) on commercial characters of bivoltine $({CSR_2}{\times}{CR_4})$ and the cross breed race $({BL_67}{\times}{CSR_101})$ was studied. The result indicated that antibiotic administration with different concentrations significantly improved the rearing and cocoon parameters like larval duration, larval weight, growth index, single cocoon weight, single shell weight and shell ratio. The post cocoon parameters like average filament length, non-breakable filament length, raw silk percentage, raw silk recovery percentage, denier, reelability and neatness were recorded significantly higher in antibiotic treated batches. The better performances of these parameters were recorded with the increase of antibiotic concentration.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.3-5
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• 2000

1.8V,4Gb DDR SDRAM설계 및 제작을 수행하였다. DRAM동작 시 발생하는 Bit Line간 CouplingNoise를 보상하기 위한 Twisted Open Bit Line 구조를 제안하였다. Low Voltage Operation으로 인한 Bit Line Sense Amplifier 의 동작 저하를 보상하기 위한 BL S/A Pre-Sensing 방식 및 Reference Bit Line Voltage Calibration 구조를 제안하였다. Chip면적 증가로 인한 동작속도 감소의 보상을 위해 Repeater Driver 구조를 Core 및 Periphery Circuit에 적용하여 동작 대비 Chip 면적의 증가를 최소화 하도록 하였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.619-627
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Colitis is a serious health problem, and chronic obesity is associated with the progression of colitis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of natural raw meal (NRM) on high-fat diet (HFD, 45%) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2% w/v)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Body weight, colon length, and colon weight-to-length ratio, were measured directly. Serum levels of obesity-related biomarkers, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined using commercial kits. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 were detected using a commercial ELISA kit. Histological study was performed using a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining assay. Colonic mRNA expressions of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined by RT-PCR assay. RESULTS: Body weight and obesity-related biomarkers (TG, TC, LDL, HDL, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin) were regulated and obesity was prevented in NRM treated mice. NRM significantly suppressed colon shortening and reduced colon weight-to-length ratio in HFD+DSS induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice (P < 0.05). Histological observations suggested that NRM reduced edema, mucosal damage, and the loss of crypts induced by HFD and DSS. In addition, NRM decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 and inhibited the mRNA expressions of these cytokines, and iNOS and COX-2 in colon mucosa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that NRM has an anti-inflammatory effect against HFD and DSS-induced colitis in mice, and that these effects are due to the amelioration of HFD and/or DSS-induced inflammatory reactions.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2004

The process of removal of gummy proteinous material sericin from silk is commonly called as degumming loss or boil-off loss ratio. In the present study, the boil-off loss ratio in the cocoon shells of twelve multivoltine${\times}$bivoltine hybrids and their parents were analysed. Inheritance pattern of boil-off loss ratio was analysed in crosses involving high and low boil-off loss parents, F$_1$s, F$_2$s and back-crosses by parent off spring regression analysis. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis was also analysed for this character, Highly significant (P＞0.01) variations were observed in eight out of ten multivoltine and two out of five bivoltine parents indicating the presence of genetic variation in the expression of boil-off loss ratio. Among F$_1$ hybrids, ten hybrids expressed significant (P＞0.01) variations when compared with control hybrid PM${\times}$NB$_4$D$_2$. Significant negative heterosis was expressed in three multi ${\times}$ bi hybrids viz., BL67${\times}$CSR$_{101}$, 96A${\times}$CSR$_{19}$ and 96C${\times}$CSR$_{19}$, which is desirable for this character, whereas expression of heterobeltiosis was significant only with one hybrid, 96C${\times}$CSR$_{18}$ in desired direction. Studies on inheritance pattern showed that the character is heritable and contribution percentage of female and male in the ratio of 50.9: 49.1 and it appears that both the parents are influencing in the expression of boil-on loss ratio in silkworm. Based on the overall performance and evaluation by multiple trait evaluation index and also considering the expression of the boil-off loss ratio three hybrids vix., BL67 ${\times}$ CSR$_{101}$, 96A${\times}$CSR$_{19}$ and 96C${\times}$CSR$_{18}$ were found superior and recommended for commercial exploitation.n.ion.n.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.913-920
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 수동형 900MHz RFID 태그 칩용 로직 공정 기반 저면적.저전력 1Kb EEPROM를 설계하였다. 1Kb 셀 배열 (cell array)은 1 워드 (word)의 EEPROM 팬텀 셀 (phantom cell)을 2차원 배열 형태인 (16행 ${\times}$ 16열) ${\times}$ 4블록으로 구성하였으며, 4개의 메모리 블록이 CG (Control Gate)와 TG (Tunnel Gate) 구동회로를 공유하므로 저면적 IP 설계를 하였다. TG 구동회로를 공유하기 위해 소자간의 전압을 신뢰성이 보장되는 5.5V 이내로 유지하면서 동작 모드별 TG 바이어스 전압을 스위칭해 주는 TG 스위치 회로를 제안하였다. 그리고 4 메모리 블록 중 하나의 블록만 활성화하는 partial activation 방식을 사용하므로 읽기 모드에서 전력소모를 줄였다. 그리고 하나의 열 (column)당 연결되는 셀의 수를 줄이므로 읽기 모드에서 BL (Bit-Line)의 스위칭 시간을 빠르게 하여 액세스 시간 (access time)을 줄였다. Tower $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS 공정을 이용하여 (32행 ${\times}$ 16열) ${\times}$ 2블록과 (16행 ${\times}$ 16열) ${\times}$ 4블록의 2가지 배열 형태의 1Kb EEPROM IP를 설계하였으며, (16행 ${\times}$ 16열) ${\times}$ 4블록의 IP가 (32행 ${\times}$ 16열) ${\times}$ 2블록의 IP에 비해 레이아웃 면적은 11.9% 줄였으며, 읽기 모드 시 전력소모는 51% 줄였다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2007

대장균 BL21(DE3)에 Caulobacter crescentus epoxide hydrolase (CcEH)를 발현시킨 제조합균주를 이용하여 광학수렴 가수분해(enantioconvergent hydrolysis) 반응을 수행하였으며 라세믹 에폭사이드 기질로부터 광학활성 diol을 생합성하는 조건을 최적화하였다. 반응최적화를 위하여, 계면활성제의 첨가와 반응온도가 생성물인 diol의 광학순도 및 수율에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며 또한 생성물인 diol에 의한 EH의 가수분해활성 저해효과를 측정하였다. 재조합 CcEH를 생촉매로 사용한 광학수렴 반응에서 Tween 80을 2%(w/v)첨가하여 $10^{\circ}C$로 반응시켰을 때 20 mM 라세믹 styrene oxide로부터 광학순도 92%의 (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediot을 수율 56%로 얻을 수 있었다. 기질인 라세믹 styrene oxide를 50 mM 농도로 사용한 경우, 광학순도 87% (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol을 77% 얻을 수 있었다. 생성물인 diol의 저해효과를 실험한 경우, 라세믹 phenyl-1,2-ethanediol, (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol 및 (S)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol은 10 mM 농도에서부터 재조합 CcEH의 가수분해활성을 현저하게 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 위의 결과들로 볼 때 CcEH를 사용하여 높은 광학순도의 (R)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol을 생성하기 위해서는 (R)-styrene oxide의 린치를 선택적으로 공격하는 동시에 생성물에 의해 저해를 받지 않는 partner EH를 개발하는 것이 중요할 것이다.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.2-12
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• 2002

The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline BL4C1 at the 2.5 GeV storage ring of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) has been in its first you of operation since August 2000. During this first stage it could meet the basic requirements of the rapidly growing domestic SAXS user community, which has been carrying out measurements mainly on various polymer systems. The X-ray source is a bending magnet which produces white radiation with a critical energy of 5.5 keV. A synthetic double multilayer monochromator selects quasi-monochromatic radiation with a bandwidth of ca. 1.5%. This relatively low degree of monochromatization is sufficient for most SAXS measurements and allows a considerably higher flux at the sample as compared to monochromators using single crystals. Higher harmonics from the monochromator are rejected by reflection from a flat mirror, and a slit system is installed for collimation. A charge-coupled device (CCD) system, two one-dimensional photodiode arrays (PDA) and imaging plates (IP) are available its detectors. The overall performance of the beamline optics and of the detector systems has been checked using various standard samples. While the CCD and PDA detectors are well-suited for diffraction measurements, they give unsatisfactory data from weakly scattering samples, due to their high intrinsic noise. By using the IP system smooth scattering curves could be obtained in a wide dynamic range. In the second stage, stating from August 2001, the beamline will be upgraded with additional slits, focusing optics and gas-filled proportional detectors.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2019

적양배추 유래물의 면역 활성 및 항전이 활성을 평가하기 위하여 적양배추 유래 열수추출물 RCW 및 조다당 RCP를 분리하였다. RCW는 중성당이 60%의 높은 비율로 검출되었으며, 이중 Glc가 28.2%로 구성되어 있었으며, RCP는 중성당과 산성당이 각각 40.0% 및 58.9%로 이루어져 있으며, 구성당 분석 결과, Ara(27.5%)와 Gal (17.2%)가 높은 비율로 검출되었다. RCW와 RCP는 정상세포 및 암 세포에 대한 어떠한 독성도 나타나지 않았으며, 오히려 정상세포에서는 약간의 증식능이 확인되었다. 또한 대식세포 자극을 통한 cytokine 분비능을 측정한 결과, RCW는 IL-6, IL-12 및 $TNF-{\alpha}$ 생산능은 어떠한 농도에서도 확인되지 않았으며, $1000{\mu}g/mL$ 고농도에서 NO 생산능이 확인되었다. 반면에 RCP는 $8{\mu}g/mL$의 저농도에서도 IL-6, IL-12, $TNF-{\alpha}$ 및 NO의 생산능이 확인되었다. 높은 cytokine 생산능을 나타낸 RCP의 NK 세포 활성 및 항전이 활성을 측정한 결과, RCP를 $1000{\mu}g/mouse$농도로 정맥투여할 경우, NK 세포를 무처리군 대비 최대 12배 활성화 시키는 것으로 확인되었으며, 47.3%의 항전이 활성이 확인되었다. 적양배추 유래 면역 활성 다당의 구조를 추정하기 위하여 ${\beta}-Glucosyl$ Yariv reagent와의 반응성을 검토한 결과, RCP $1000{\mu}g/mL$에는 약 9.7%의 $arabino-{\beta}-3,6-galactan$이 검출되었다. 본 결과로부터 적양배추에는 $arabino-{\beta}-3,6-galactan$을 일부 함유하는 RG-I 형태의 다당으로 존재하며, 이들에 의해 강력한 면역 증진 활성이 나타나는 것이라 결론지을 수 있었다.