• 식물병연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2009

유전자 변형 혹명나방 저항성벼의 주요 병해에 대한 저항성 변화를 온실과 포장에서 모본으로 사용된 낙동벼와 비교하였다. 포장에서 벼잎집무늬마름병과 벼깨씨무늬병의 발병 정도는 큰 차이가 없었다. 온실에서 인위적으로 병원균을 접종하여 벼도열병과 흰잎마름병에 대해 저항성 변화여부를 조사한 결과에서도 두 품종간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 인위접종한 벼잎집무늬마름병에 대한 감수성도 두 품종간에 비슷하여 포장에서의 결과와 같은 경향을 보였다. 형질전환 벼의 제초제 저항성 유전자(Bar 유전자)와 혹병나방 저항성유전자(Cry1Ac1 유전자)가 병원균으로 전이되는가의 여부를 조사하기 위하여 포장에서 발병한 도열병과 키다리병원균을 분리한 후 DNA를 추출하여 PCR을 실시한 결과 두 유전자 모두 병원균으로 전이되지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 병원균과 저항성벼의 지속적인 접촉에 의한 유전자 전이 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 잎집무늬마름병균과 흰잎마름병균을 계대 접종한 후 DNA를 분리하여 조사한 결과에서도 저항성 유전자의 전이는 일어나지 않은 것으로 확인되어, 본 실험에서는 자연상태와 인위적인 조건 모두에서 유전자 전이를 찾아 볼 수 없었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2018

Background: Dazomet are widely used as soil fumigant to solve soilborne problems, and the degradation intermediates are toxic to nematodes, fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds. Methods and Results: The effects of cultivation of green manure crop, maize before and after soil fumigation on the control of ginseng root rot disease were compared using soil where 6-years-old ginseng was harvested. Fumigant (dazomet) were used for soil fumigation in May and September, respectively. Maize was grown for soil management before and after soil fumigation. After May fumigation, the sowing date of maize was delayed by 15 days and thus its dry weight was decreased significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation increased pH but decreased EC, $NO_3$, $P_2O_5$, and K significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation decreased fungi population and the ratio of fungi and bacteria. Growth of 2-years-old ginseng was improved and the incidence of ginseng root rot was significantly decreased by maize cultivation after May fumigation. After harvesting 2-years-old ginseng, the population of Cylindrocarpon destructans was not different between treatment of May and September, but Fusarium solani showed a significant increase in September fumigation after maize cultivation. Conclusions: Maize cultivation after soil fumigation was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by the amendment of mineral composition and microorganism in fumigated soil.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.136-142
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• 2016

Background: Root diseases caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium solani decrease the yield and quality of ginseng. Cylindrocarpon root rot is a major disease caused by replant failure in ginseng fields. Methods and Results: Solarization of infested greenhouse soil was carried out during the summer season after applying green manure (Sudan grass) and Calcium Cyanamide (CC) on the soil. Mycelium and conidia of C. destructans died at $40^{\circ}C$ after 15 h, but they did not die at $35^{\circ}C$ after 15 h. They also died after keeping the soil at $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h daily for 9 days, and at $45^{\circ}C$ for 8 days, but they did not die at $38^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. Maximum soil temperature was $55.4^{\circ}C$ at 5 cm depth, $48.7^{\circ}C$ at 10 cm, $44.7^{\circ}C$ at 15 cm, $42.5^{\circ}C$ at 20 cm, and $31.9^{\circ}C$ at 30 cm by incorporating green manure into the soil and using solarization. Solarization using green manure mixed with CC was the most effective in decreasing soil-borne pathogens of 2-year-old ginseng. However, the addition of CC decreased the root weight due to the increase in EC and $NO_3-N$. Conclusions: Soil disinfection using green manure and solarization in a greenhouse environment was effective in inhibiting root rot, however, it did not completely kill the soil-borne pathogens.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2006

오이검은별무늬병균인 Cladosporium cucumerinum KACC 40576에 대하여 높은 항진균 활성을 나타내는 KMU-13은 Norway Lillehammer 근교 토양시료에서 분리하였으며, 형태학적, 배양 및 생화학적인 특성을 조사한 결과와 16S rDNA 염기서열을 분석한 결과, B. subtilis로 판단되었다. B. subtilis KMU-13의 항진균 물질의 생산을 위한 최적조건은 LB broth를 기본배지로 하여 탄소원으로 0.5% maltose와 질소원으로 0.5% bactopeptone을 첨가하였을 때 가장 높은 항진균 활성을 나타내었으며, 배양조건은 $30^{\circ}C$, 180rpm, 48시간이였고, 배양초기 pH는 6.0으로 조사되었다. TLC에서 Rf값이 0.64로 확인된 밴드에서만 항진균 활성을 가지는 것으로 조사되었으며 잿빛곰팡이병, 고추 탄저병, 참외 탄저병, 수박 등의 박과작물의 덩굴마름병, 토마토 시들음병, 글라디올러스 마른썩음병, 토마토 질병, 수박 덩굴쪼김병, 수박 질병, 사과나무 역병, 벼 잎집무늬마름병, 참외 줄기썩음병, 그리고 고추 균핵병에 대하여 양호한 항진균 활성을 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.307-314
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• 2008

Thymol(I), 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenol(II), 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol(III), 2-sec-butylphenol(IV)과 4-sec-butylphenol(V)을 출발물질로 하여 alkylphenyl fluorobenzoate계 ester 유도체 60종을 합성하였다. 이 유도체들의 합성은 IR, $^1H$-NMR과 GC/MS를 이용하여 확인하였다. 이들 화합물들에 대하여 토마토 역병균, 오이 잿빛곰팡이병균, 오이 탄저병균과 벼 잎집무늬마름병균에 대한 항균활성을 조사하였다. 오이 잿빛곰팡이병균에 2-sec-butylphenyl 2,5-difluorobenzoate (IV-6)와 4-sec-butylphenyl 2,5-difluorobenzoate(V-6)등이 90% 이상의 우수한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 오이 탄저병균에 대하여 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl 2,3,6-trifluorobenzoate(I-11), 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenyl 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoate(I-12), 5-isopropyl-3-methylphenyl 2,3,6-trifluorobenzoate(II-11), 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenyl 2,3,6-trifluorobenzoate(III-11)와 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenyl 2,4,5-trifluorobenzoate(III-12)가 90% 이상의 매우 우수한 항균활성을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1149-1161
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• 2014

Cotton plants were sampled and ranked according to their resistance to Verticillium wilt. In total, 642 endophytic fungi isolates representing 27 genera were recovered from Gossypium hirsutum root, stem, and leaf tissues, but were not uniformly distributed. More endophytic fungi appeared in the leaf (391) compared with the root (140) and stem (111) sections. However, no significant difference in the abundance of isolated endophytes was found among resistant cotton varieties. Alternaria exhibited the highest colonization frequency (7.9%), followed by Acremonium (6.6%) and Penicillium (4.8%). Unlike tolerant varieties, resistant and susceptible ones had similar endophytic fungal population compositions. In three Verticillium-wilt-resistant cotton varieties, fungal endophytes from the genus Alternaria were most frequently isolated, followed by Gibberella and Penicillium. The maximum concentration of dominant endophytic fungi was observed in leaf tissues (0.1797). The evenness of stem tissue endophytic communities (0.702) was comparatively more uniform than the other two tissues. Eighty endophytic fungi selected from 27 genera were evaluated for their inhibition activity against highly virulent Verticillium dahliae isolate Vd080 in vitro. Thirty-nine isolates exhibited fungistasis against the pathogen at varying degrees. Seven species, having high growth inhibition rates (${\geq}75%$), exhibited strong antifungal activity against V. dahliae. The antifungal activity of both volatile and nonvolatile metabolites was also investigated. The nonvolatile substances produced by CEF-818 (Penicillium simplicissimum), CEF-325 (Fusarium solani), CEF-714 (Leptosphaeria sp.), and CEF-642 (Talaromyces flavus) completely inhibited V. dahliae growth. These findings deepen our understanding of cotton-endophyte interactions and provide a platform for screening G. hirsutum endophytes with biocontrol potential.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.129-145
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• 2014

서양금혼초의 군락 형성에 따른 경쟁적 우세원인을 규명하고 친환경농자재 개발을 위한 기초자료로 제공하고자 생육특성과 Allelopathy 효과를 알아보았다. 서양금혼초의 생육특성은 예초지역과 비예초지역간의 묘조(苗條) 수, 지상부 직경과 화주 수를 비교한 결과 예초지역의 묘조(苗條) 수, 지상부의 직경과 화주수가 비예초지역보다 높은 것으로 조사되었고, 서양금혼초의 수용성 추출액에 대한 레드클로버(Trifolium pratense), 들묵새(Festuca myuros), 도깨비바늘(Bidens bipinnata) 등 실험식물 14종 대해 발아와 생장 실험 결과 일반적으로 수용성 추출액의 농도가 증가함에 따라 검정식물의 발아율, 유식물의 뿌리털, shoot, root의 생장이 억제되었고 검정식물의 종류와 부위에 따라 억제정도에 있어서 차이를 보였다. 또한 서양금혼초의 수용성 추출액에 대한 실험곰팡이의 생장에 있어서는 Pythium속, Phytophthora속은 수용성 추출액의 농도가 높아짐에 따라 성장이 억제되는 경향을 보인 반면, Rhizoctonia속인 경우에는 농도가 높아짐에 따라 생장억제 현상이 뚜렷하지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합하여 보면 서양금혼초의 예초는 서양금혼초의 Split현상을 유도하여 더 많은 영양번식과 종자번식을 일으켜 군락을 형성하고, 서양금혼초에 함유된 allelochemicals에 의해 타 식물체의 발아와 생장, 미생물의 생장 등에 관여하기 때문에 제주도내 생태계에서 경쟁적 우위를 점하고 있으며, 친환경농자재로서의 활용 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.118-126
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• 2013

The experiment was carried out to analyze the inhibition effect of plant pathogenic fungi and growth promotion activity induced by the bacterial strains isolated from peatmoss. Among the isolated bacterial strains, B10-2, B10-4, B10-5 and B10-6 which showed more than 30% inhibition rate against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani in vitro, were further analyzed in the greenhouse for the growth promotion activity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa), pak-choi (Brassica compestris L. ssp. chinensis) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). The results showed the treatment of B10-4 on lettuce showed the highest growth promotion activity with the leaf area ($169.17cm^2$), fresh weight (leaf: 40.29 g, root: 8.80 g)and dry weight (leaf: 11.24 g, root: 4.17 g), which was about two folds as compared to control. On pak-choi, the growth promotion rate was the highest with the leaf area of $112.87cm^2$, leaf fresh weight of 60.70 g, root fresh weight of 3.37 g, leaf dry weight of 14.34 g, and root dry weight of 1.90 g. As a result of treatment of B10-13 on chinese cabbage, the growth promotion rate was the highest with the leaf area ($293.56cm^2$), fresh weight (leaf: 113.67 g, root: 2.40 g) and dry weight (leaf: 6.03 g, root: 0.53 g). The production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and Indole-3-Butylic Acid (IBA) were also analyzed in these bacterial isolates. The IAA and IBA analyses were carried out in all bacterial isolates each day within the 5 days of incubation period. The highest production of IAA was observed with $112.57{\mu}g/mg$ protein in B10-4 after 3 days of incubation and IBA production was the highest in B10-2 with $58.71{\mu}g/mg$ protein after 2 days of incubation. Also, phosphate solubilizing activity was expressed significantly in B10-13 in comparison to that of other bacterial isolates. Bacterial identification showed that B10-2 was Bacillaceae bacterium and B10-5 was Bacillus cereus, B10-4 and B10-6 were Bacillus sp. and B-13 was Staphylococcus sp. by ITS sequence.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.292-299
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 분자생물학적 기법인 PCR-DGGE를 사용하여 친환경 농법을 적용한 고추경작지에서 서식하는 진균의 군집 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 먼저 토양으로부터 추출한 DNA는 DGGE 분석을 위해 진균의 universal primer인 ITS 1/4 primer set를 사용하여 nested-PCR을 수행하였으며, 증폭된 산물을 사용하여 DGGE를 수행한 결과 진균의 군집을 나타내는 band의 수는 고추 정식 전에는 3-4개에 불과했으나 고추를 정식한 후에는 전체 처리구에서 평균 15개로 조사되어 작물의 정식이 진균의 밀도 및 다양성을 증가시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 처리구 별로는 윤작과 컨소시엄 미생물제제를 동시에 적용한 고추 경작지에서 band 수가 18개로 나타나 가장 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 반면에 연작지의 화학농약 처리구에서는 band의 수가 14개로 나타나 처리구 중에서 진균의 다양성이 가장 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 식물에 질병을 일으키는 주요 병원성 진균의 DNA를 marker로 사용하여 각 처리구 별로 패턴을 비교한 결과, 연작지에서 모잘록병을 일으키는 R. solani AG-1 (IB)이 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 염기서열 분석을 통해 우점종을 조사한 결과, 고추 정식 전에는 Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata, 정식 후에는 Mortierella chlamydospora, Cucurbitaria berberidis 및 Chaetomium globosum 종이 우점하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 처리구 간의 유사성 분석에서는 연작지의 컨소시엄 미생물제제 처리구와 윤작지의 컨소시엄 미생물제제 처리구가 유사한 것으로 나타났으며, 화학농약 처리구 역시 경작체계가 다름에도 불구하고 유사성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.61-61
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• 2020

This experiment was carried out using artificial bed soil and LED in the plastic film house(irradiation time: 07:00-17:00/day). Seedlings(n=63 per 3.3 m²) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity(40-160 µmol/m²/s). Average air temperature from April to September according to the light intensity test was 20.4℃-20.9℃. Average artificial bed soil temperature was 20.1℃-21.7℃. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat lower than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil was as follows. pH levels was 6.6-6.7, EC levels 0.9-1.3 dS/m and OM levels 30.6-32.0%. The available P₂O₅ contents was 73.3-302.3 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Ca contents were higher than the allowable ranges and mg content was high in the fluorescent lamp treatment. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PPFD(Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Fluorescent lamp treatment had high illuminance value, but PPFD and solar irradiation were lower than LED intensity 40 µmol/m²/s treatment. The photosynthetic rate increased(2.0-3.8 µmolCO²/m²/s) as the amount of light intensity increased, peaking at 120 µmol/m²/s, and then decreasing. The SPAD (chlorophyll content) value decreased as the amount of light intensity increased, and was the highest at 36.1 in fluorescent lamp treatment. Ginseng germination started on April 5 and took 14-17 days to germinate. The overall germination rate was 68.8-73.6%. The growth of aerial parts(plant height etc.) were generally excellent in the treatment of light intensity of 120-160 µmol/m²/s. The plant height was 41.9 cm, stem length was 24.1 cm, leaf length was 9.8 cm and stem diameter was 5.6 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the best in the treatment with 120 µmol/m²/s of light intensity. Due to the root length was long(24.8 cm) and diameter of taproot was thick(18.7 mm), the fresh root weight was the heaviest at 24.8 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani occurred 0.6-1.5% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 30.8-62.3%. It is believed that the reason for the high incidence of rusty root ginseng is that the amount of field moisture capacity of artificial bed soil is larger than the soil. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7-32.3%.