• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2019

Recently, the number of passengers using airplanes is rapidly increasing due to the increase of overseas travelers. Therefore, the probability of exposure to natural radiation due to altitude is increasing due to the increase in flight time. Cosmic-ray penetrates the Earth's magnetic field belt Van Allen, which is located at an altitude of 400 km to 1200 km. Most cosmic rays are blocked at Van Allen belt. However, cosmic-ray could be not completely blocked, and a small amount of cosmic-ray affects the earth. In general, if the altitude was increased by 100m, the natural exposure dose increased by 0.03 mSv on the Earth. In this study, I tried to minimize the exposure to natural radiation in airplanes when boarding airplanes. Especially, I was aimed to minimize radiation exposure by protecting the highly sensitive thyroid gland among human organs. According to the results of the study, the designed shielding handkerchief was able to shield cosmic natural radiation dose by more than 70%. In conclusion, the application of the shielding handkerchief made in this study can be effectively shield natural radiation.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2011

In period of rapid economic development, as doing river conservation work by using harmful materials environmental pollution has adversely effected humans, animals and plants frequently. For recovery of environmental pollution it needs a lot of time and cost. Therefore, in this study, in order to take an environment-friendly method which is also economical and durable both results of the laboratory model test and field test were compared and analyzed. According to the results of the laboratory model test, those methods such as concrete paving, asphalt paving, bentonite mat, stabilized soil method and mixed soil method have small amount of seepage, but on the other hand compaction soil, grassland and permeable materials have considerable amount of seepage. The results of field test show a similar tendency with laboratory test and have been satisfied to assess standard of domestic water permeability below $1.0{\times}10^{-7}cm/sec$ and unconfined compressive strength is also than 1.0MPa so it has been satisfied about standard. In conclusion, as compaction rate increased, as unconfined compression strength increased and coefficient of permeability decreased.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.3-29
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• 2017

The study checked whether the trade-off relationship between the home ownerhip and welfare by Kemeny and Castles was still valid in four welfare regimes, and analysed the factors of change and stability on rate of home ownership between social democratic states and southern european states. Based on the results of the study, the relationship between housing ownership and public expenditure was confirmed only in the liberal welfare regime and in the conservative welfare regime, as evidenced by the 2014 data collection. Second, social democratic states have dramatically increased housing mortgage loans and showed signs of housing commodification but southern european states have showed pre commodification of housing, maintained comparatively whole home ownership and low mortgage loans. Third, social democratic states has resulted in a rise in housing demand and housing prices, through reduced new housing and social rented housing construction, home owenership friendly taxation and generous lending policies, but southern european states have maintained a stable housing demand and housing prices thanks to the rich housing stocks, extended family, self provision and self promotion by close relatives, and intergenerational inheritance and transfers of housing. Although sequence of the equity ownership and welfare are still unclear, it is not a rational alternatives to induce housing ownership through large mortgage loans.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.1-25
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• 2016

This study reviews international discussions about the trade-labor linkage and examines the labor chapters of FTAs enforced by the US and the EU from a comparative perspective. Since early 1990s, starting from the NAFTA, the US has included forceable labor provisions in its FTAs and this trend continues to the TPP which was concluded in October 2015. On the other hand, the EU's labor provisions in its FTAs have been composed of promotional elements on labor rights based on cooperations and dialogues. These different features of labor provisions in the US and European FTAs are mainly due to the motives of the FTAs of the US and the EU respectively as well as their domestic situations with regards to domestic law and institutional set-ups. The coordination of labor provisions involves a long-term institutional as well as regulatory convergence which triggers not only economic but also social changes, compared to a relatively short-term effect of tariff elimination. For Korea which has been a FTA partner country both with the US and the EU, it is significant to keep the different characteristics in the labor provisions in mind, particularly in the process of its implementation. Concerning the implementation of Korea-US FTA, it might be problematic if Korean law and its regulatory practice on labor-management relations do not comply with that of the US. The Korea-EU FTA case can also have an indirect impact on Korea's labor laws since it stipulates in its provisions that both parties should have discussions not only within each government but also with the civil communities including NGOs. Thus, Korea should pay more attention to the true meaning in labor provisions of both FTAs in order to promote its firms to be equipped with the right labor-management system in their operations abroad.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.233-233
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• 2020

최근 우리나라의 2030년 10GW의 농촌 태양광 보급목표 달성을 위해 전국적으로 분포하고 있는 저수지 및 댐 등의 공유 수면을 활용한 수상태양광 설치가 적극 검토되고 있다. 수상태양광 사업의 증가와 함께 수상태양광 설치 및 운영이 환경적 측면에서 논쟁이 대두되고 있으나 수상태양광 발전시설이 호소 수생태계에 미치는 영향을 판단할 수 있는 장기적인 조사나 과학적 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 저수지에 설치되어 있는 수상태양광 발전시설에 의한 수생태계에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 수상태양광이 운영되고 있는 2개소의 저수지를 대상으로 식물플랑크톤, 동물플랑크톤, 저서성 대형무척추동물, 어류 군집조사를 2개년(2017~2018년) 동안 실시하여 각각의 종풍부도 및 종다양도 지수를 분석하였다. 1차년도에는 수상태양광 패널 설치지역 및 패널로부터 200~250m로 이격거리를 유지하면서 총 6지점을 조사하였으며, 2차년도에는 수상태양광 패널 하부(영향권) 3지점과 패널로부터 약 250m 이격된 2지점(비영향권)을 대상으로 총 6회의 조사를 수행하였다. 식물성플랑크톤, 동물성플랑크톤, 저서 대형무척추동물, 어류 군집에 대한 종풍부도와 종다양성에 대한 분석결과, 종풍부도 및 종다양도는 발전시설 영향권 지역과 비영향권 지역간에 통계학적으로 유의미한 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 종풍부도는 수상태양광 패널로부터 이격거리가 멀어질수록(열린수역으로 향할수록) 감소하는 수치를 보이다가 저수지 수변부에 가까워지면 높아지는 경향을 나타났다. 종다양도 역시 종풍부도 결과와 유사하게 수상태양광 패널 지역으로부터 이격거리가 증가함에 따라(열린수역으로 향할수록) 지수가 감소하다가 저수지 수변부에 가까울수록 높아지는 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 동식물성 플랑크톤과 저서생물 및 어류 군집의 종풍부도, 종다양도가 수상태양광의 영향권과 비영향권간에 큰 차이를 없음을 나타내고 있으며, 일부 분류군의 경우 열린 수면보다 수상태양광 설비에 의한 반 폐쇄수역에서 종풍부도와 종다양도가 오히려 높게 나타났다. 그러나 본 연구결과는 설치된 수상태양광 패널이 전체 수면의 5% 미만에 해당하는 소규모 시설이므로 본 연구결과를 일반화해서 해석하기에는 한계가 있다. 넓은 수면적에 설치되어 있는 대규모 시설 및 20년 이상 장기간 운영되는 수상태양광 발전시설을 대상으로 지속적인 모니터링 및 누적된 환경영향 평가가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.89-109
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• 2024

The development of digital technology has given rise to a new service model: self-service. This model introduces the concept of "digital shadow work", in which consumers conduct unpaid behind-the-scenes digital tasks instead of employees. While consumers are engaging in increasingly more digital shadow work in self-service environments, they are unaware of their unpaid labor. This raises concerns about consumer rights and businesses' long-term sustainability and health. This study aims to reveal the psychological awareness factors that influence consumers' decisions to engage in digital shadow work in self-service environments. This exploratory qualitative study utilizes a grounded theory approach and semi-structured interviews to reveal the psychological awareness factors that contribute to consumers' decision to engage in digital shadow work. By revealing the psychological awareness of decision-making factors, this study enhances consumer's understanding and awareness of digital shadow work, which helps increase their awareness of self-protection in the context of self-service technologies. Additionally, understanding consumers' decision-making psychology is crucial for non-face-to-face self-service technology companies and provides a theoretical basis for sustainable and healthy business development.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.267-291
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• 2024

Since the introduction of the OA transformative agreement as a new way of licensing electronic resources, the number of OA transformative agreements has continued to grow. Despite the wide range of content that should be included in the agreement due to the nature of the OA transformative agreement, there is a lack of research on OA transformative agreements. As a basis for developing a standard for OA transformative agreements, this study examines the current status of OA transformative agreements and analyzes the differences between two types of OA transformative agreements and the subscription contract. It was found that the number of OA transformative agreements has increased significantly worldwide, but the disclosure of OA transformative agreements has not been universalized. The overall structure of two different types of OA transformative agreements and a subscription contract is similar, but there are differences in the detailed clauses. In the OA transformative agreement, the detailed clauses related to the characteristic of the transformative agreement were newly created, or the details of the transformative agreement were added to the existing clauses of the subscription agreement. There were also some differences between the two types of agreements, identifying clauses that differed in content regardless of the OA transformative agreement. The study concluded that it is important to standardize the OA transformative agreement, as the number of different clauses between agreement types may increase the burden on librarians. This study is significant in that it provides a basis for the development of standardized agreements by examining the overall status of OA transformative agreements and analyzing actual agreements.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.899-908
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• 2004

The rise of income and introduction of 5 day a week working system give korean people opportunities to enjoy their leisure time. And many korean people have much interest in oceanic sports such as yachting and also oceanic leisure equipments. With the popularization and development of the equipments, the scope of oceanic activities has been expanding in Korea just as in the advanced oceanic countries. However, The current conditions for the sports in Korea are not advanced and even worse than underdeveloped countries. In order to develop the underdeveloped resources of Korean marina, we need to customize the marina models of advanced nations to serve the specific needs and circumstances of Korea As such we have carried out a comparative analysis of how Austrailia, Newzealand, Singapore, japan and Malaysia operate their marina, reaching the following conclusions. Firstly, in marina operations, in order to protect personal property rights and to preserve the environment, we must operate membership and non-membership, profit and non-profit schemes separately, yet without regulating the dress code entering or leaving the club house. Secondly, in order to accumulate greater value added, new sporting events should be hosted each year. There is also the need for an active use of volunteers, the generation of greater interest in yacht tourism, and the simplification of CIQ procedures for foreign yachts as well as the provision of language services. Thirdly, a permanent yacht school should be established, and classes should be taught by qualified instructors. Beginners, intermediary, and advanced learner classes should be managed separately with special emphasis on the dinghy yacht program for children. Fourthly, arrival and departure at the moorings must be regulated autonomically, and there must be systematic measures for the marina to be able, in part, to compensate for loss and damages to equipment, security and surveillance after usage fees have been paid for. Fifthly, marine safety personnel must be formed in accordance with Korea's current circumstances from civilian organizations in order to be used actively in benchmarking, rescue operations, and oceanic searches at times of disaster at sea.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.238-248
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• 2010

Purpose: To compare the dose distributions between three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) radiation treatment plans calculated by Ray-tracing or the Monte Carlo algorithm, and to highlight the difference of dose calculation between two algorithms for lung heterogeneity correction in lung cancers. Materials and Methods: Prospectively gated 4D CTs in seven patients were obtained with a Brilliance CT64-Channel scanner along with a respiratory bellows gating device. After 4D treatment planning with the Ray Tracing algorithm in Multiplan 3.5.1, a CyberKnife stereotactic radiotherapy planning system, 3D Ray Tracing, 3D and 4D Monte Carlo dose calculations were performed under the same beam conditions (same number, directions, monitor units of beams). The 3D plan was performed in a primary CT image setting corresponding to middle phase expiration (50%). Relative dose coverage, D95 of gross tumor volume and planning target volume, maximum doses of tumor, and the spinal cord were compared for each plan, taking into consideration the tumor location. Results: According to the Monte Carlo calculations, mean tumor volume coverage of the 4D plans was 4.4% higher than the 3D plans when tumors were located in the lower lobes of the lung, but were 4.6% lower when tumors were located in the upper lobes of the lung. Similarly, the D95 of 4D plans was 4.8% higher than 3D plans when tumors were located in the lower lobes of lung, but was 1.7% lower when tumors were located in the upper lobes of lung. This tendency was also observed at the maximum dose of the spinal cord. Lastly, a 30% reduction in the PTV volume coverage was observed for the Monte Carlo calculation compared with the Ray-tracing calculation. Conclusion: 3D and 4D robotic radiotherapy treatment plans for lung cancers were compared according to a dosimetric viewpoint for a tumor and the spinal cord. The difference of tumor dose distributions between 3D and 4D treatment plans was only significant when large tumor movement and deformation was suspected. Therefore, 4D treatment planning is only necessary for large tumor motion and deformation. However, a Monte Carlo calculation is always necessary, independent of tumor motion in the lung.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.42
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• pp.197-232
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• 2014

Taoism is very political orientation from the start have. Internal alchemy has several factions, but southern school and northern school of taoism is typical of this. southern school begun from Zhang Bo-duan in north Song dynasty. Northern school is under Jin dynasty rule by Wang Chung-yang been established. Southern school did not create the platform, but northern school is developed mainly by the denomination from the first. Taoism is basically seek eternal life. Internal alchemy was created a unique discipline to reach the such stage with only Internal alchemy. Southern school's training methods were an elaborate series of logical structure with a counterpart, but northern school's methods is somewhat lacking logically. Southern school claim a training methods from the physical to mental through how to achieve it's ultimate goals, northern school took from mental to spiritual retreat methods that the way to achieve objectives. But northern school's theory of ascetic Practice is difficult to see that the contents are pure. Also, the labours of penance during his training process is the other way with Southern school. These differences are they closely associated with Confucianism and Buddhism, to understand the point of view. Southern school put a primary objective in the personal Practice, while northern school is fundamental to the relief of the people. This can see that has how long life times in southern school and northern school's main members. Because the members of southern school enjoyed great longevity, but northern school's main members was not enjoyed longevity. As a result, the southern school's flow is cut off and northern school became the center form a major organization in the history of china taoism. The southern school assimilated to the northern school. In a pure sense, host and guest's changed.