• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.942-952
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• 2008

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quality of take-out services at restaurants in Chungbuk Province. A questionnaire survey by 450 customers who had experience in take-out service at the restaurants was conducted and 378 completed questionnaires were available for statistical evaluation. Statistical analyses were made of raw data by SAS V8.2. The scale for analyzing the importance and performance of the service quality was composed of 5-point Likert scales. The main results of this study are as follow: The quality attributes of take-out service were rearranged into four factors in terms of food, sanitation, access and service. The importance score was higher than performance score. IPA showed that 'freshness of food material', 'cleanliness and hygiene in food', 'sanitation of facilities', 'neatness of employees' and 'price in food' was included in 'focus here' area. There was significantly positive correlation between factors such as food, sanitation, access, service and overall customer satisfaction (p<.001); between factors and repurchasing intentions (p<.001); and between customer satisfaction and repurchasing intentions (p<.001). According to multiple regression analysis, 26.27% of the variance in respondents' overall satisfaction score and 9.21% of the variance in respondents' repurchasing intention score could be explained by factors such as food, sanitation, access and service.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.694-708
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to determine the effects of smoking & drinking on the diet, nutrient intake, and overall health. A sample of 262 youths, aged 16 to 18 year-old, was randomly selected from Seoul and its vicinity. The subjects participated by answering survey questions including general questions, questions regarding health, smoking & drinking habits, dietary habits, nutrient intake, physical characteristics, and smoking cessation plans. The average height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were $173.5{\pm}6.8\;cm$, $64.8{\pm}11.8\;kg$, and $21.4{\pm}3.7\;kg/m^2$, respectively. Among the subjects, 88% appeared to be interested in health and 43.5% of youth asserted that the best way to keep healthy was to engage in regular exercise. Among 63 smokers, 52 students (82.5%) used alcoholic beverages while 11 students (17.5%) did not use alcoholic beverages, meaning that smoking was a causative factor in drinking. 55.6% of youth reported beginning to smoke in middle school, and 38.1% of them asserted that curiosity was the motive for smoking. The youth reported that the craving for smoking was highest when hungry, and the best place to smoke was the restroom. 20 students (69.0%) answered that the only way to quit smoking was just to stop. 12 students (44.4%) reported that the main reason for failures in smoking cessation attempts was a lack of intention or willpower. 87.1% of all subjects answered that they were inclined to quit smoking, and 56.7% of them would be interested in attending a smoking cessation program if they had the opportunity. Among the smoking and drinking group, 50% of drinkers began to drink in high school, and the reason for drinking given was peer pressure-40% of drinkers answered that they wished to quit drinking. 34.4% of students appeared to have breakfast everyday, but 16.4% of students answered that they had quit eating breakfast. 52.5% of all students reported that the principal reason for overeating was the presence of one's favorite food, and the smoking and drinking group reported overeating more frequently than other groups (p<0.05). 72.6% of all subjects reported eating interim meals $1{\sim}2$ times daily, 36.4% of smokers ate carbonated beverages, 38.5% ate ice cream as a interim meal, and 38.5% of the drinking and smoking groups ate fruits, 26.9% of them ate fried foods, and some of them ate fast foods as a interim meal. Among smokers, the ratio of eating fat-rich foods, and meats such as kalbi and samgyupsal more than two times per week was higher, and 54.3% of smokers ate ice cream, cookies, and carbonated beverages more than two times per week (p<0.05). The total nutrient intake of the $15{\sim}19$-year youth group was much higher than the standard value. The energy intake of the smoking group and the drinking and smoking group was significantly higher than that of the normal group (p<0.05). Intakes of phosphorus (p<0.05), cholesterol (p<0.05), and sodium (p<0.05) were the highest among all groups. Accordingly, it is recommended that practical education programs be implemented to teach young students to resist peer pressures to smoke and drink. Additionally, education that acknowledges the importance of nutrition is necessary to avoid preferential eating and overeating due to smoking and drinking.such education can also teach students to eat a balanced diet and improve their physical development.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 1989

As the level of life improves, the pattern of beverage comsumption are being changed. We came to drink more beverage than ever before, and I think, the remarkable increase of beverage consumption will have a great effect on our health. We examined the drinking pattern of 447 middle school and high school students in Taejeon City from 24 to 29, May, 1989. We studied about the amount of drinking beverage and the correlation between the amount and the various factors to have effects on the amount. They usually drink total 604.6ml/day, water 292.8ml, soft drink 131.8ml, milk 109.2ml, fruit juice 26.1ml, vegetable juice 9.6ml, coffee & tea 21.7ml, korean tea 15.4ml. Beside, middle school students drink 654.4ml and high school students drink 560.7ml. The male drink 620.1ml and the female drink 589.2ml. The average amount of beverage consumption per a unit weight is total 13.3ml and middle school students (654.3ml) drink more than high school students (560.7ml) but the average amount is same between the male and the female. They usually drink 343.5ml of beverage at their homes, and they drink more at their homes than away from homes. In addition, at the correlation between the amount of drinking beverage and the various factor to have effects on the amount, the students who have snacks very often drink more than those who don't. And the students who like meat-diet drink much more than meat & vagetabe-diet persons and vegetorians. And the students who eat pread often drink more than those who have rice at every mealtime.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.376-385
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to estimate beverage consumption frequency and determine related problems of elementary school students in Chungnam. The survey was conducted with 488 students(boys=230, girls=258) using a questionnaire. The average age of the students was 10.1 years old, thir average height and weight were 145.1 cm and 39.5 kg, respectively and the obesity index was -1.3%. The frequencies for breakfast, lunch and dinner were 5.8 times/week, 6.7 times/week and 6.4 times/week, respectively. Regarding the frequency of snacks, high response rates for 'once/day'(38.3%) and 'none' (30.5%) were observed. Nutrition label on beverages were identified rarely(39.1%), nearly never(19.7%), and never(12.9%). The choice factors in selecting beverage were taste, nutrition, and price. For the type of snack most often consumed, fruit or juice was 25.8%, snack items were 25.2%, bread was 24.8%, dairy products were 7.6%, beverages were 7.0%, noddles were 6.2%, and rice cakes were 3.5%. The kinds of favorite beverages were carbonated drinks(30.3%), functional drinks (24.4%) and milk and yoghurt(23.8%), and main reason for the choice of beverage was "it tastes good". For the point of time that students wanted to drink a beverage, "when I feel thirsty" appeared most often for dairy products and beverages and the next most frequent answer was "after exercise". Therefore it may be necessary to administer systematic nutritional education on perception on nutrition fact label of beverage. And it is thought that plan for proper beverage consumption in elementary school students may be established.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2010

Survey the intake of carbonated beverage and the perception of carbonated beverage was conducted with 422 middle school students in Daegu area to clarify attitudes toward carbonated beverages and their consumption in adolescents. Statistical data analysis was done using SPSS version 12.0. Of all subjects, 31.3% preferred carbonated beverage among all beverages consumed, and preference for flavored carbonated beverage was highest (42.2%). Students who liked to drink carbonated beverage spent more money in snacks out of their allowance; frequency of carbonated beverage consumption correlated with amount of allowance (p<0.05). Carbonated beverage was mainly consumed with fast-food (61.5%), and 53.3% of the students purchased the beverages at supermarket. The majority of middle school students (30.4%) drank carbonated beverage more than 3~5 times a week, which was high frequency of carbonated beverage consumption. Preference and consumption frequency beverages differed significantly with knowledge level (p<0.01). Of the subjects, 73.2% drank carbonated beverage without checking nutrient contents, and those with low knowledge level of carbonated beverage neither read the label on nutrients nor were interested in nutrition education (p<0.05). The results underscore the need to provide systematic nutrition education at home and in school to prevent excessive intake of carbonated beverage and to help adolescents choose healthy beverage during a time in life when growth is especially prominent.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.924-932
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• 2014

This study investigated intake of energy drinks, side effects and willingness to stop intake of 255 high school students in Gyeoungbuk region. The data were collected by the self-administered questionnaire. Frequency, t test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, and ${\chi}^2$ test were conducted by SPSS Window V.21.0. About 78% of the respondents had experience of intake of energy drinks. The respondents were aware of energy drinks from 'advertisements on mass media (44.3%)', 'friends (32.2%)', and 'looking in stores (16.9%)'. The mean of the amount of energy drink intake per day was 30.62 mg. Forty-four percent of the respondents had energy drinks during an examination period, and 37% took it at home. The main reasons for intake of energy drinks were 'to fight off sleepiness', 'to recover from fatigue', and 'good taste' in order. Many respondents answered that energy drinks did not much help to increase concentration or learning ability. About 72% of the respondents experienced 'not feel sleepy' after having energy drinks. Half of the respondents experienced side effects such as palpitation, insomnia, and increase of urination. Most respondents had willingness to stop having energy drinks if it had bad effect on health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.856-866
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between the prevalence of constipation and beverage intake. Research data were collected from first and second grade female students at Hyehwa High School in Seoul by means of questionnaires. A total of 190 questionnaires were analyzed using the SPSS/WIN program. The results are summarized as follows: The average body mass index (BMI) was 20.7. Of the students, 38.4% had a BMI of less than 20(underweight), and 15.8% had a BMI of over 23 (overweight). However, 84.7% of the students wanted to lose weight. To estimate the prevalence of constipation, five factors were used: frequency and regularity of defecation, time spent defecating, defecation difficulty, and feeling of residue after defecation. The percentage of the students who emptied their bowels every day was 22.1%. About 2/5 of the students (42.1%) had irregular defecation, and 15.2% spent more than 10 minutes in the rest room when defecating. The students who did not have difficulty defecating and those who did not have feelings of residue after defecating were only 24.7% and 28.9%, respectively. The amount of beverage intake per day was 1,062$m\ell$ 674$m\ell$ of water, 128$m\ell$ of milk, 88$m\ell$ of soft drinks, and 53$m\ell$ of fruit juice. The amount of beverage intake before breakfast, during breakfast, before lunch and during lunch was about 100 $m\ell$, each; before dinner, during dinner, and after dinner it was about 200$m\ell$, each. The amount of beverage intake during the weekend was 120$m\ell$ greater than on weekdays. Students who drank more beverages, especially water, before breakfast, showed a higher defecation frequency, more regular defecation, spent less time defecating, had less difficulty defecating, and had less feeling of residue after defecation, so that they have a better defecation pattern. Based on these results, increasing the amount of beverage consumption, especially of water, and drinking greater quantities of beverage before breakfast are ways to reduce constipation.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.12 no.4 s.31
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• pp.213-224
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the factors affecting drinking Korean traditional beverages and the drinking habits of college students in Seoul. The research was carried out by asking them to drink 10 kinds of traditional drinks. They were composed of 45.5% of boys and 54.5% of girls who were $18\sim21$ years old, studying food related science (63.9%), and mostly (86.6%) living in a nuclear family in collective residents (60.4%) like an apartment. The number of students whose family's monthly incomes were over 3 million won was the largest as 37.1%. Their mothers were housewives (58.4%) mostly aged $46\sim50$ as 47.0%. In the research on the preference of students for the traditional drinks, most of them, 78.7%, showed their liking for the drinks because of their good taste (61.%). The number of students who answered they got the drinks by homemaking was the largest as 39.6%. Most of them, 66.3%, preferred fruit drinks, 19.8% soda drinks, 11.4% traditional drinks and 2.5% functional drinks. 31.2% of the drinks mostly taken at home was green tea, followed by sweet rice drink, Shik-hae. Among the drinks coming into the market, sweet rice drink was preferred in general as 25.7%, and the next was green tea 16.8%, ume drink (Maesil tea) 14.9%, rice tea 13.9%, fruit punch (Sujeonggwa) 11.4%, black tea 7.9%, honey tea 4.5%, ginseng tea 2.5% and jujube tea 2.5%. In the research on 'whether the students had experience preparing the traditional drinks or not', many of them, 62.4%, answered "No". And in the questionnaire asking on 'whether they liked to receive a training on making traditional drinks or not', 87.6% of them showed their wish to get the training. In the question on the reason why the students did not like to take the training on traditional drinks, the number of students who answered that it was complicated and hard to prepare was the largest as 53.0%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.543-555
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• 2008

This study investigated elementary school students' perception, preferences, and intake of Korean traditional foods, focusing specifically on kimchi, tteok (rice cake), and eumcheong (beverage) varieties; and compared them by gender, living with grandparents, mother's occupation, and meal preparation by the grandmother. The subjects were 287 6th grade elementary school students in Busan. The results were as follows: 80% of children were interested in Korean traditional foods. 40% believed that their intake of Korean traditional foods was decreasing because these foods were not palatable to them. The majority of them, however, said they would continue to eat Korean traditional foods as they had done (54.7%) or eat more than before (36.6%) in the future. The children thought that Korean traditional foods were rich in nutrition and good for their health. The children had the highest preference for Baechu-kimchi among varieties of kimchi, and they had high preferences for Songpyeon, Galaitteok, and Injulmi. They had high preferences for Sikhye, citron tea, and adlai tea. Over 80% reported consuming Baechu-kimchi and Kkakdugi three to four times per week. They had eaten Injulmi the most frequently among the tteoks, while over 80% had eaten the other types of tteok only once or twice per month. Adlai tea, citron tea, and Sikhye were drunk more than once per week. In general, we noted no significant differences in the children's perceptions, preferences, and intake of Korean traditional foods by gender, living with grandparents, mother's occupation, and meal preparation by grandmother, with the exception of several items. The students had a very positive perception of Korean traditional foods. They had higher preferences for and had more frequently consumed the more familiar Korean traditional foods. It is therefore suggested that if the children had opportunities to experience Korean traditional foods more frequently and variously at home or in restaurants, they would appreciate Korean traditional foods even more, and develop higher preferences for these foods.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.469-478
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• 2006

In order to investigate the adolescent's beverage drinking pattern and its related ecological factors, a questionnaire survey was conducted with the subjects of 920 middle and high-school students,450 boys and 470 girls, residing in 4 cities of the Chungnam area. Of the subjects 65% liked, or liked very much, beverages and only 3.7% did not like beverages. They drank beverages 4.3 $\pm$ 4.0 times a week on average, but 10.4% of them drank beverages more than twice a day. Male students drank more frequently than the females. The intake frequency of carbonated drinks was 1.7 $\pm$ 2.3 a week which was about 40% of the total beverages. However, more students drank mainly ion beverages (33.6%) than carbonated drinks (28.7%). As the students took more balanced food and ate more regularly, their beverage drinking frequency decreased and those taking carbonated drinks also tended to decrease. The more frequent the students took fast food, the more frequent they drank carbonated beverages. The drinking frequencies for beverages or carbonated beverages were also less in students eating cooked rice with sidedishes as breakfast than in students eating others. The drinking frequency for carbonated drinks showed significant correlations with the students' activities such as the time spent using computers and watching TV got longer, the drinking frequency for soft drinks was also higher. When nutritional knowledge was higher, drinking frequency for carbonated drinks got lower. In conclusion, to make the adolescents improve their attitudes toward drinking beverages and to prevent excessive drinking of carbonated drinks, they should be educated not only on the nutritional knowledge and the proper intake of beverages, but also on good dietary habits including balance, regularity, and types of meals. Proper snacking and fast food consumption also should be taught. Since ion beverages were taken more frequently than carbonated drinks among adolescents, further study is recommended on the impact of excessive intake of ion beverages.