• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

In reviewing 'Dongkukesangkukjip(東國李相國集)' a selection of prose and poetry describing Toesikje, the house of Kee Heung-soo, a military official in the middle Goryeo Dynasty, the outcome of the study intended to infer garden scenery and landscape culture managed and possessed by high society at that time is outlined as follows. First, Kee Heung-soo, the owner of the house and Lee Kyu-bo, the author of Toesikje Palryeng(退食齋八詠) are thought to be those who first designated the 8 scenic points and recreated the concept of public enjoyment of into the concept of personal enjoyment in Korea. Second, the spatial configuration of the Toesikje garden is presumed to be in the Gee-Seung-Jeon-Gyul(introduction-development-turn-conclusion) style in which a fairyland is built to enjoy a free and peaceful life, while anticipating coming days and pursuing creation-prosperity-transcendence-return. Third, the viewpoint structure of the scenery Wongyeong(Toesikje), Donggyeong(Youngcheondong), Cheonggyeong(Cheokseojung), Myunggyeong(Dokrakwon), Jingyeong(Yeonmukdang), Sigyeong(Yeoneuiji), Yunggyeong(Nokgunheon), and Hyungyeong(Daehoseok) contains a symbolic universal vision of Palchejigyeongsek(the 8 scenic points) which incorporates Samwon(heaven, earth and water) and Obangwi(orientations), and the harmonization principle of the scenic points where the building and garden are harmonized. Fourth, Je, Dang, and Heon, Jeong(齋, 堂, 軒, 亭) are introduced to the garden, and Geehwayeecho, Jingeumgeesoo, Gasan and Goeseok(stone) were used in a variety of ways. Fifth, it was found that the management of Shinseongyeong and enjoyment of Yoosanggoksu events, with the study and seeking of perfect knowledge and discipline, wandering and rest led to a sublime appreciation of aesthetic beauty and divine glory. Sixth, a miniature garden was built to enjoy the view from above, together with the view in the distance, and a culture of secluded living, along with scenery expressing the heart's desire for Utopia was induced.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.193-206
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• 2018

In this study, as part of the "Small-scale $CO_2$ Injection-Demonstration Project in Offshore Pohang Basin", we performed drilling and completion of a $CO_2$ injection well from the offshore platform installed in the Yeongil Bay, Pohang city, Gyeongsang buk-do. The drilling of injection well was carried out from an offshore platform installing on the sediment formations of the Pohang Basin. Drilling diameters were reduced by stages, depending on the formation pressure and groundwater pressure along a depth and the casing installation and cement grouting in drilled hole were performed at each stage. The injection well was drilled to a final depth of 816.5 m with a hole diameter of 4 7/8 inches (${\Phi}124mm$) and the perforated casing for an injection section was installed in a depth of 746.5~816.5 m. Injection tubing, packer, and christmas tree were installed for the completion of an injection well for $CO_2$. The validation project of the $CO_2$ injection was accomplished successfully by drilling the injection well and installing the injection facilities, and through the suitable $CO_2$ injection process. The current injection facility is a facility for small-scale injection demonstration of 100 tons. In the case of large-scale demonstration facility test of a capacity of 10,000 tons, research is underway through the upgrading of the injection facilities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2004

Oriental melon vinegar was prepared by two stage fermentations of alcohol and acetic acid. In the alcohol fermentation using oriental melon residual products, alcohol content showed 7.43% in 17$^{\circ}$ brix of initial sugar concentration and 80 h of fermentation time. In the acetic acid fermentation using oriental melon alcohol, acidity showed 5.25% in 250rpm of agitation rate and 200 h of fermentation time. The cultivation esults of oriental melons using its vinegar are as follows. Quantity and quality of samples treated with 500, 1,000 and 2,000 times of oriental melon vinegar were higher than that of control : weight, quality, sugar content and goods production rate were higher to degree of 33∼42 g/piece, 370 ∼460kg/10a, 0.6∼.9$^{\circ}$ Brix, 2∼5%, respectively. Coods production yield of samples treated with 500, 1,000 and 2,000 times of oriental melon vinegar was higher (400∼610 kg/10a) than that of control. The results of control of powdery mildew on oriental melons using oriental melon vinegar as the diluted solution with 500 and 1000 times were identical for control value that used by agrochemical. Powdery mildew were exterminated by 2nd treatment of the diluted solution. In case of aphids, the diluted solution with 500, 1,000 and 2,000 times of oriental melon vinegar exterminated thoroughly by 2nd treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1983

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured in the serum of 35 normal control subjects and 179 cases of various benign and malignant gastrointestinal diseases. Malignant gastrointestinal tumors include 69 cases of stomach cancer, 24 cases of hepatoma and 33 cases of colorectal cancer. Benign gastrointestinal diseases include 29 cases of peptic ulcer and 24 cases of liver cirrhosis. The results were as followings: 1) Mean serum CEA level in normal control subjects was $6.9{\pm}3.3ng/ml$ and there was; no difference in mean serum CEA level between age and sex difference. 2) In malignant gastrointestinal tumors, mean serum CEA level in colorectal cancer, hepatoma and stomach cancer, were $54.3{\pm}88.9ng/ml,\;62.1{\pm}99.7ng/ml$ respectively. Serum CEA level showed positive rate of 67% in colorectal cancer, 63% in hepatoma and 62% in stomach cancer. There was no difference in mean levels and positivity of serum CEA between these 3 malignant tumor groups. 3) Positivity of serum CEA was 61% in malignant gastrointestinal tumor group in spite of 37% in benign gastrointestinal disease group. In both mean level and positivity of serum CEA, stomach cancer was much higher than peptic ulcer. But there was no difference in mean level and positivity of serum CEA level between hepatoma and liver cirrhosis. 4) In hepatoma serum CEA level showed positive rate of 62.5% and alpha-feto protein showed a rate of 58.3%. 5) Mean serum CEA levels in patients with cancer in rectal, cecal, sigmoid colon, ascending: colon and descending colon were $73.7{\pm}106.7ng/ml,\;69{\pm}84.8ng/ml$, $15.7{\pm}9.1ng/ml,\;7.5{\pm}10.6ng/ml$ and 4.0ng/ml respectively. Positive rate of serum CEA showed 86% in sigmoid. colon cancer, 68% in rectal cancer and 66% in cecal cancer. 6) In considering of histological background, there was no correlation between the degree of differentiation of tumor cell and the serum CEA level in colorectal cancer. According to Duke's classification, the mean serum levels of CEA were $8.8{\pm}11.4ng/ml$ in group A, $15.3{\pm}16.0ng/ml$ in group B and $68.5{\pm}101.5ng/ml$ in group C respectively. Positivity-of serum CEA in group A, Band C were 40%, 50% & 69% respectively. So there was significant correlation between the degree of elevation of serum CEA and tumor extension.

• Solar Energy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1993

The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristics of heat transfer in the downward axisymmetric free water jet system impinged on a flat oblique plate which has the uniform heat flux. Experimental conditions considered were Reynolds number, distance between nozzle and Bat plate, inclination angle of heater surface and nozzle exit velocity. Local Nusselt number was subjected to the influence of Re number, Pr number, oblique angle of heating surface and local position of flat plate. In the wall region of downward surface, The secondary peak point of heat transfer appeared at the local point of X/D=-8 from the stagnation point. The stagnation heat transfer rate of this experimental study augments 2.4 times than that of laminar theorical solution. The stagnation nusselt number is function of Reynolds number, nozzle-plate spacing Prandtl number and oblique angle of impinging plate.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.90-108
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• 2003

Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) has been developed as prescriptions for the Soyeumin constitution. The hepatoprotective effect of the water extract of Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) was investigated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage. A single intra-peritoneal injection of CCl4 produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the significant rise of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in serum as compared to those of untreated normal group. Pretreatments of rats with Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) 500 mg/kg for 7 days) were significantly reduced AST, ALT, and ALP levels compared with CCl4-treated control group. Treatment of rats with CCl4 led to significantly increase in lipid peroxidation and significantly decrease in cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase. The oral administration of Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) water extract significantly inhibited the accumulation of microsomal thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increased the cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase activity. All these biochemical alterations resulting from CCl4 administration were inhibited by the pretreatment with Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SG1) extract. These results suggest that Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) water extract can be useful as a hepatoprotective agent. And the effect of NO modulation by NO synthesis or precursors, and Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang (SGT) water extract was researched on chronic liver damage induced by CCl4 administration. It was observed that endogenous NO protected the liver from lipid peroxidation, fibrosis, and damage. Osuyubujaijung-tang(OBT) and Sipyimiguanjung-tang(SGT) water extract showed the hepatoprotective effect on the chronic liver cirrhosis model and relationship with NO modulation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.53-68
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• 2011

A selection of viewpoint is a first priority for landscape evaluation. However, it has been artificially carried out by a subjective method without of criterion. Therefore, this study proposed the objective and quantitative viewpoint selection methods using space syntax and GIS. For this, the study area on samduk3 residential improvement district located at Daegu city was divided into 24 sectors of visibility zone by distance and direction. After that, the preliminary viewpoints equally distributed in space were selected by axial map analysis of space syntax and viewshed-frequency analysis of GIS. According to the result of selection of the final viewpoints using the VEI(Viewpoint Evaluation Index), all the final viewpoints were placed in the National Debt Repayment Movement; VEI value of VP-2 was 112.63 in the foreground, VP-10 was 18.31 in the middleground and VP-18 was 5.55 in the background. Selected viewpoints were verified as a big changing of landscape variation and high chance of view such as the public area, the park and the high-density residential area. Thus, VEI will be used as a quantitative method of selecting viewpoints and it is expected to be able to use as the objective indicator.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.303-320
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• 2019

Plants interact with various biotic and abiotic environmental factors. It requires much information to understand the traits of a plant species. A shortage of information would restrict the assessment, especially in the evaluation of what kind of factors influence a plant species to face extinction. Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. is one of the northern plants of which Korea is the southern distribution edge. The Korean Ministry of Environment had designated it to be the endangered species until December 2015. Although it is comparatively widespread, and a large population has recently been reported, it is assessed to be vulnerable due to the low population genetic diversity. This study evaluated the current distribution of Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. We investigated the vegetational environment, population structures, phenology, soil environment, and self-incompatibility based on the results. Lastly, we evaluated the current threats observed in the habitats. The habitats tended to be located in the areas where the masses at the edge of the stream accumulated except for those that were located on slopes of some mountainous areas. Most of them showed a stable population structure and had re-established or recruited seedlings. Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. had the difference in time when the shoots appeared above the ground depending on the depth of the rhizome located in the underground. In particular, the seedlings and juveniles had their rhizome located shallow in the soil. Visits by pollinator insects and success in pollination were crucial factors for bearing of fruits by Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. The threats observed in the habitat of Polygonatum stenophyllum Maxim. included the expansion of cultivated land, construction of new buildings, and construction of river banks and roads. Despite such observed risk factors, it is not likely that there would be rapid population reduction or extinction because of its widespread distribution with the total population of more than 2.7 million individuals and the new populations established by the re-colonization.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.422-439
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• 2019

The rear edge population is considered to have low genetic diversity and high risk of extinction according to a highly isolated distribution. However, the rear edge population is observed to have persisted for an extended period despite the low genetic diversity. As such, it is necessary to understand the ecological process involved in the persistence of the population. Viola mirabilis L. in Korea is considered the rear edge population from the perspective of the worldwide distribution. We surveyed the distribution range of V. mirabilis, which shows the isolated distribution in the central area of Korea, to find out the factors of its persistence. Next, we investigated and accessed the vegetational pattern of habitats, soil environment, phenology, self-compatibility, population structure, and extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area. V. mirabilis was distributed in the understory of the deciduous forest, planted forest of the deciduous conifer and deciduous broad-leaved trees, shrubland, and grassland in the limestone area. We also observed the re-establishment of seedlings in the population, and most of them showed a stable population structure. For chasmogamous flowers, the visit by pollinators has a significantly positive relationship with the production of fruits. However, we found that the production of the cleistogamous flowers was more numerous in all studied populations and that only the cleistogamous flowers were produced despite a more substantial plant size in some populations. The plant size was more related to the production of the cleistogamous flowers than that of the chasmogamous flowers. Accordingly, the cleistogamous flowers significantly contributed to seedling recruitment in the population. We found that the production of the chasmogamous flowers and the cleistogamous flowers did not have a correlation with the factors of the soil analysis except for phosphoric acid. V. mirabilis showed the self-incompatibility characteristics most likely due to the production capability of the cleistogamous flowers. Potential extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area was included the development of limestone mine, the expansion of agricultural fields, and the construction of houses. Although V. mirabilis showed an isolated distribution in the limestone area in the Korean peninsula, it showed a diverse distribution in a wide habitat environment ranging from the grassland to the understory of the trees with relatively low canopy closure rate. Moreover, we concluded that the persistence of the population was possible if we can maintain the current state of multiple populations and stable population structure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.51-63
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to create a landscape image that considers the selection of techniques that can enhance landscape reproduction in streetscape evaluation using 3 dimensional simulations and to evaluate ways to verify similarities and the psychological changes on the part of users by season. In the comparison of technique, the Low(apply normal map) technique was selected for the natural representation of trees in a near and middle view and the Plane technique was selected for the distant view. As the result of the verification, all indicators of physical similarity were evaluated over 4.50 points and most indicators of psychological similarity were found to have no difference except for indicators of 'disordered orderly' and 'dirty - clean'. According to the results of analyzing the landscape simulation by season, images of 'bright', 'beautiful', and 'static', etc., were evaluated high for the spring streetscape. The images of 'open', 'refresh', and 'animate' appeared high in summer and images of 'warm' and 'dark' were found to be high in fall. On the other hand, all images were evaluated as low except for the 'orderly' image. In the preference of streetscape by season, summer and spring were highly preferred at 5.01 and 4.98 with winter as the lowest at 3.48. As the results of the analysis of preference factor, the spring streetscape was found to be a major influence in preference by 0.540 in 'aesthetics'. In the case of summer, 'order' was found to be high at 0.417 while influences in preference included 'variety' and 'aesthetics' in fall and 'variety', 'aesthetics', and 'order' in winter. A determination of suitable spatial planning using a comparative analysis of various city streets will be enabled through the methods of this study.