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http://dx.doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2019.33.4.422

Distributional Characteristics and Population Substantiality of Viola mirabilis L.; Rear edge Population in Korea  

Chae, Hyun-Hee (Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
Kim, Young-Chul (Research Center for Natural Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
An, Won-Gyeong (Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
Kwak, Myoung-Hai (Plants Resource Division, Biological Resources Research Department, National Institute of Biological Resource)
Nam, Gi-Heum (Plants Resource Division, Biological Resources Research Department, National Institute of Biological Resource)
Lee, Kyu-Song (Department of Biology, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology / v.33, no.4, 2019 , pp. 422-439 More about this Journal
Abstract
The rear edge population is considered to have low genetic diversity and high risk of extinction according to a highly isolated distribution. However, the rear edge population is observed to have persisted for an extended period despite the low genetic diversity. As such, it is necessary to understand the ecological process involved in the persistence of the population. Viola mirabilis L. in Korea is considered the rear edge population from the perspective of the worldwide distribution. We surveyed the distribution range of V. mirabilis, which shows the isolated distribution in the central area of Korea, to find out the factors of its persistence. Next, we investigated and accessed the vegetational pattern of habitats, soil environment, phenology, self-compatibility, population structure, and extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area. V. mirabilis was distributed in the understory of the deciduous forest, planted forest of the deciduous conifer and deciduous broad-leaved trees, shrubland, and grassland in the limestone area. We also observed the re-establishment of seedlings in the population, and most of them showed a stable population structure. For chasmogamous flowers, the visit by pollinators has a significantly positive relationship with the production of fruits. However, we found that the production of the cleistogamous flowers was more numerous in all studied populations and that only the cleistogamous flowers were produced despite a more substantial plant size in some populations. The plant size was more related to the production of the cleistogamous flowers than that of the chasmogamous flowers. Accordingly, the cleistogamous flowers significantly contributed to seedling recruitment in the population. We found that the production of the chasmogamous flowers and the cleistogamous flowers did not have a correlation with the factors of the soil analysis except for phosphoric acid. V. mirabilis showed the self-incompatibility characteristics most likely due to the production capability of the cleistogamous flowers. Potential extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area was included the development of limestone mine, the expansion of agricultural fields, and the construction of houses. Although V. mirabilis showed an isolated distribution in the limestone area in the Korean peninsula, it showed a diverse distribution in a wide habitat environment ranging from the grassland to the understory of the trees with relatively low canopy closure rate. Moreover, we concluded that the persistence of the population was possible if we can maintain the current state of multiple populations and stable population structure.
Keywords
CONSERVATION; ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES; LIMESTONE AREA; REPRODUCTION TRAITS;
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