• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.743-760
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• 1997

This study was done to evaluate the correlations between the size, the form of the cranial base, head posture and the horizontal and vertical position of craniofacial structures. For this purpose, 100 cephalometric radiographs were taken from the sample composed of 51 male and 49 female, 12 measurement criteria and 37 reference points were established and digitized, then calculation was performed for the values of measurement variables and the horizontal and vertical position of reference points. The correlations be4ween them were analyzed statistically and mean facial diagrams were constructed and compared with the selected groups which were composed of 10 Samples each as large and small group from the measurement value. The following results were obtained: 1. The angles n-s-ba and n-s-ar as variables for the ion of cranial base correlated highly to the horizontal and vertical position of reference points in the cervical column with statistical significance($0.1\%$ level). 2. The angles n-s-ba and n-s-ar as variables for the form of cranial base correlated to the horizontal position of the reference points in the facial structure with statistical significance($1\%$ level), but not to the vertical position of them($5\%$ level). 3. The length n-s, s-ba, and n-ar as variables for the size of cranial base were correlated th the position of craniofacial structures in various ways, but in general, highly correlated to the horizontal and vertical position of midfacial structures around the teeth and alveolar area. 4. the angle NSL/CVT and NSL/OPT as postural variables tot the inclination of cranial base and cervical column were correlated to the horizontal position of the craniofacial structures with statistical significance($1\%$ level), but not to the vortical position of them($5\%$ level). 5. The angle OPT/HOR and CVT/HOR as postural variables lot the inclination of cranial base and true horizontal line were not correlated to the horizontal and vertical position of the craniofacial structures with statistical significance($5\%$ level). 6. The correlation between the measurement variables and horizontal and vortical positions of the reference poits in soft tissue were shown as similar to the related hard tissue points.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.134-144
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• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the volumes and areas of the upper airways in children with Class II malocclusion, using three dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare the volumetric and cross-sectional measurements and cephalometric variables to investigate possible relationships between the upper airway and facial morphology. Methods: CBCT scans were obtained from 37 subjects (17 boys and 20 girls; average age, 11.02 years). The upper airway volumes and areas were measured, and compared with cephalometric variables. Results: The area of the PNS-posterior plane ($S_{PP}$) was significantly smaller in the Class II malocclusion group (p < 0.05). Also, the volumetric and cross-sectional measurements were lower in Class II than in Class I malocclusion groups, although the differences were not significant between the two groups (p > 0.05). The Class II malocclusion group showed significantly smaller values of PFH, mandibular body length, pog to N perp and showed larger values of FMA, ANB, and facial convexity than the Class I malocclusion group. The volume of the upper airway in front of PNS point (WN) showed negative correlation with ANB (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Class II malocclusion group had a narrower upper airway associated with a decreased posterior facial height and a divergent growth pattern than the Class I malocclusion group.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-290
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• 2001

영상촬영술은 개방형 외과적 관절수술이나 관절경 검사법을 할 수 없는 상태에서 관절의 상태에 대한 시각적 정보를 확보할 수 있는 유일한 방법이다. 이것의 주된 목적은 진단과 치료계획과정을 도와주는 정보를 제공하는데 있다. 그중 방사선 촬영술은 턱관절의 구조적 질병을 진단하는데 기본적인 수단으로서 오래동안 사용되어 왔 다. 그러나 어떠한 방사선 소견이 개별 관절질환의 특징적 소견인지는 찾아내기가 어려운 실정이다. 그러나 통상적 턱관절 방사선 촬영술로서도 구조적 골변화를 찾아낼 수 있으며 특히 시상 단층촬영술은 턱관절에서 가장 유익한 정보를 보여준다고 한다. 또한 보고에 의하면 턱관절 장애는 다양한 해부학적 요인들과 관련이 있다고 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 통상적인 방사선 단층촬영술을 이용하여 턱관절 장애환자의 턱관절에서 나타나는 골변화를 찾아내고 이러한 골변화가 하악과두 수평각, 하악과두 형태, 과두위치 등과 같은 여러 요인들과 서로 관련이 있는 지 찾아보고저 하였다. 단국치대 구강내과 안면동통진료실에 내원한 256명의 환자 중, 턱관절장애를 편측으로만 호소하는 환자 73명을 대상으로 SCANORA를 이용하여 방사선 단층촬영을 시행하였다. 먼저 악하두정위 촬영을 통해 정중선에 대한 하악과두의 방향을 찾아내고 단층촬영 부위를 계산하였으며, 모든 촬영면은 4 mm 두께로 하고 턱관절 부위에만 국한되도록 조준하였다. 폐구 시 4개의 시상 촬영과 개구 시 한개의 시상 및 전두촬영상을 구한 후, 하악과두, 과두 형태 및 하악과두위치 등과 같은 요인들에 대한 골변화간의 관련성을 조사하고저 자료를 측정한 후 Contengency table analyses를 시행하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 결론적으로 하악과두의 형태, 하악과두의 수평각 및 하악과두의 위치 등은 턱관절의 골변화와 상호 관련이 있다는 가설을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉 하악과두상의 골변화는 과두가 후방위치되고 과두각이 25도 이상 크며, 특히 20대에서는 flat type, 40대에서는 angled type의 과두형태를 가지며 두 과두각의 차이가 9도에서 12도 정도로 큰 차이가 있는 남성환자에서 증가한다.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.163-170
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• 2022

This paper introduces a method of extracting facial features due to unrefined inputs in real life and improving the problem of not guaranteeing the ideal performance and speed of the object recognition model through a storage algorithm through weight summation. Many facial recognition processes ensure accuracy in ideal situations, but the problem of not being able to cope with numerous biases that can occur in real life is drawing attention, which may soon lead to serious problems in the face recognition process closely related to security. This paper presents a method of quickly and accurately recognizing faces in real time by comparing feature points extracted as input with a small number of feature points that are not overfit to multiple biases, using that various variables such as picture composition eventually take an average form.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.157-161
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• 1994

A 14-year-old male patient was referred to us for evaluation of Right TMJ clicking sound and mandibular deviation during mouth opening. On examinaaation, protrusion and lateral excursion was also restricted. Radiographs showed hook-like curved elongation of Right coronoid process with limitation o right condylar translation. His past medical and dental history was noncontributory. This patient underwent an extraoral coronoidectomy and the specimen revealed coronoid process malformation mimicking condylar head. Microcoically, the specimen discloses mature bony trabeculae. At postoperative 5 days, physical therapy was instituted. At present, this patient could open his mouth well with any clicking sound and mandibular deviation. The asymmetric face of this patient is expectated to be corrected by periodic observation and remained growth porential. If not to be corrected, orthognathic surgery will be done.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate distalizing effects from the Pendulum appliance on vertical component of craniofacial structures. Materials and Methods: 20 Patients who visited for orthodontic treatments are assigned to two groups. Group I, SN-MP > 37 degrees are showing hyperdivergent pattern. Group II, 29 < SN-MP < 37 degrees are showing mesocephalic pattern. Each group are consisted of 10 people. Results and Conclusions: Differences between skeletal classifications result in significant differences at labioversion of lower incisors and distalized amount, which is larger at Group I (P <.05). Group II has only shown significant distalized molars (P < .05). Labioversion of lower incisors has not shown significant change. Skeletal anchorage-assisted Pendulum appliance doesn't deteriorate vertical component nor significantly improve.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing the upper airway dimensions in skeletal Class II children and adolescents. In total, 67 patients were selected. Airway volume and minimal cross-sectional area were three-dimensionally assessed. Craniofacial morphology and skeletal maturity were assessed on generated two-dimensional cephalograms. The measurements were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Upper airway dimensions were significantly smaller in pre-peak stage group, and positively associated with age. Anterior facial height and age were the most relevant factors for airway volume. Mandibular width and age were the most relevant factors for minimal cross-sectional area. Upper airway dimensions were significantly associated with age, skeletal maturity and craniofacial morphology in all three planes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.314-324
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine differences of mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness and symphysial cross sectional area in 9 different horizontal and vertical facial types. Methods: By using the initial cephalometric radiographs of 270 adult patients (male 135, female 135), the authors measured the buccolingual thickness of anterior alveolar bone on the basis of the root axis and symphysial cross sectional distance. Results: The high angle group showed significantly thinner buccolingual alveolar bone width except for the CEJ area and lingual alveolar bone width ($p$ < 0.05). The low angle group and Class I, II average group showed similar or significantly thicker alveolar bone width than the Class I average group ($p$ < 0.05). The Class III average group showed significantly thinner buccolingual and lingual alveolar bone width than Class I and II average groups ($p$ < 0.05). The Class III high angle group showed minimal alveolar bone width in all facial skeletal types. No significant difference was found in the symphysial cross sectional area of the different vertical facial skeletal types ($p$ > 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study found that Class III high angle patients have thinner mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness; therefore, more attention will be needed to determine the incisor position during orthodontic treatment for this group of patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1995

하악에 발생한 45예, 상악에 발생한 1예로 총 46예의 법랑모세포종이 연구되었다 환자의 평균연령은 34세였으며 성별에 따른 차이는 없었다. 가장 흔한 징후는 악골 또는 안면의 종창이었다. 소구치-대구치-하악지 부위를 침범한 예가 20예(43.5％)였다. 다방성 병소가 26예(56.5％)에서 발견되었다. 방사선학적 형태는 환자의 연령이나 조직학적 형태와는 상관관계가 없었다. 단방형 형태는 주로 젊은 환자에서 발견되었으며 10대에 호발하는 상관관계를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 근치 또는 보존적 수술로 치료를 받은 분석 가능한 18명의 환자에서 재발율은 33.3％를 나타내었다. 다방성 형태(36.4％)학적 행태를 명확하게 예측하기 위해서는 좀 더 상세한 임상 및 방사선학적 변수가 첨가되어야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 1991

This is a case report and review of literature of the facial asymmetry corrected by various surgical methods. In case 1, facial asymmetry resulted from osteochondroma of condyle and corrected via condylectomy only. In case 2, unilateral condylar hyperplasia with compensatory maxillary growth resulted in severe facial asymmetry. Procedures used in case 2 are vertical ramus osteotomy, condylectomy, genioplasty, mandibular inferior border ostectomy and Le Fort I osteotomy.