• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.135-149
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• 2019

Today, a growing number of companies are in trouble because leaders are lack of authentic leadership. Small and midium sized companies have the same issue. To correct the issue, there must be a real change in the relationship between managers and employees of the company as well as outside the company. In 21st century, authentic leadership is required. However, the research about determinants of change supportive behavior is not sufficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study is how manager's transformational leadership and authentic leadership affects change supportive behavior of employees in small and midium sized companies. The study also has to prove the role of positive psychological capital as a parameter. Data were collected from 424 employees working for small and midium sized companies in metropolitan area around Seoul and Gyeonggi. The data were analyzed using statistical package SPSS ver.21.0 and AMOS ver.18.0. Based on the research, First, the transformational leadership does not affect the change supportive behavior. However, authentic leadership affects the change supportive behavior. Also, positive psychological capital playes a role as parameter when transformational and authentic leadership, that are independent variable, affect change supportive behavior. On the other hand, the research shows that authentic leadership has more influence than transformational leadership on positive psychological capital. Transformational leadership without genuine attitude cannot affect change support behavior of employees in small and medium sized companies. Therefore, to affect change supportive behavior of employee, authentic leadership with genuine mind is required. After discussing the conclusions and implications of this study. the direction of the study for the follow - up study was suggested.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.193-208
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• 2021

The characteristics of the microcrack lengths(①), microcrack spacings(②) and Brazilian tensile strengths(③) related to the six directions of rock cleavages(H2~R1) in Geochang granite were analyzed. First, the 18 cumulative graphs for the above three major factors representing unique characteristics of the rock cleavages were made. Through the general chart for these graphs classified into three planes and three rock cleavages, the 28 parameters on the length, spacing and Brazilian tensile strength have been determined. The results of correlation analysis among these parameters are summarized as follows. Second, the above parameters were classified into six groups(I~VI) according to the sorting order on the magnitude of parameter values among three rock cleavages and three planes. The values of parameters belonging to group I and II are in order of R(rift) < G(grain) < H(hardway) and H < G < R. The values of the 8 parameters on the length of line(os₂, 𝚫s, 𝚫L and oS^mean), the exponent(λ_L^mean and λ_S^mean), the slope(a^mean) and the anisotropy coefficient (An^mean) are in order of R < G < H and H'(hardway plane) < G'(grain plane) < R'(rift plane). Third, the noticeable differences in distribution patterns among the six types of charts for three planes and three rock cleavages are as follows. From the chart for three planes, the values of 𝚫L, 𝚫s and 𝚫σ_t, corresponding to the distance between two points where the two fitting lines meet on the X-axis, increase in the order of R' < H' < G'. In particular, the two graphs of R2 and G2 related to the length and Brazilian tensile strength are almost parallel to each other and show the distribution characteristics of hardway plane. Among the graphs related to the Brazilian tensile strength, the overall shape for hardway plane is similar to that for grain. From the chart for three rock cleavages, the slopes of the graphs related to the length increase in the order of R < G < H, while those of the graphs related to the spacing and Brazilian tensile strength decrease in the order of R < G < H. Lastly, the characteristics of variation among the six rock cleavages, the three planes and the three rock cleavages were visualized through the correlation chart among the above parameters from this study.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.25
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• pp.223-249
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• 2009

This papers focuses on the Confucian classics for the correct orientation of education as a basic task of the Confucian classics will as a necessary whether the need for education, to identify the natural history study will attempt to have. In East Asia means that classics, the classicalization process of looking at Chinese culture, classicalization of review of the cultural meaning. And this papers focuses on the historical evolution of education, and education in China and Korea in the modern world the meaning of the Confucian classics education about and looked at two dilemmas. And outside the scope of Confucian five ethical thoughts as main moral to find new values and new interpretations about the legitimacy and philosophical thinking of the meaning of the Confucian classics Education. In addition, the development of educational content to the new Confucian classics on the subject of three applies to the existing approach and to propose a new type of comparison?Review. As primitive Confucian classics is not determined by a priori, the modern understanding of the Confucian classics also thorough review process of reflection and understanding the new system will have to be reconfigured. Furthermore, in the richness of modern society as the training methods as well as the development of relevant content for the modern society that values education's development is a very important issue. In this respect, should not be overlooked here is not about education, the effect of Confucian classics is concerned about the review. To this, first of all the Confucian classics need education about the content and strict screening operation. In addition, the ability to function in modern society, modern reinterpreted and the need to find a new educational element is. Because we did not give a realistic benefits and future view and any history or civilization, is always disappear in history. This series of problems will be a reason of require that philosophical thinking of Confucian classics education.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.105-119
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• 2021

The innovation cluster is formed by cooperation and networking among a number of actors, including companies, universities, research institutes, government and other supporting organizations, but the main subject of innovation in the venture ecosystem, which can be said to be the core of the innovation cluster, is the enterprise. Therefore, enterprises in innovation cluster can be seen as a major user of the innovation cluster policy. In order for the policy to be executed smoothly, policy acceptance is important. However, existing research on policy prioritization tends to be centered on policy providers, so it is necessary to check them from the perspective of policy users. Accordingly, this study conducted discussions from a two-way perspective to establish the correct policy direction through a balanced perspective between a policy provider-centered top-down perspective and a policy user's bottom-up perspective. First, the factors for activating the innovation cluster (three factors in the first level and 14 factors in the second level) were derived through prior research and expert interviews. After that, the importance of the factors for activating the innovation cluster was analyzed using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) for the policy provider group and the user group in the Daedeok Innopolis, a representative case of innovation cluster policy. As a result of analyzing the importance of the innovation cluster activation factors from the perspectives of policy providers and users, some similarities were also seen, but overall differences in mutual perception were found. It was found that the policy provider group focused on innovation creation factors, while the policy user group viewed innovation creation, clusters, and industrial location factors from a more balanced perspective. This study is meaningful in that it deals with both perspectives in a balanced way by expanding the targets from the existing policy provider-centered research to policy users. In addition, practical contributions exist in the aspect of providing basic data so that policies can be carried out based on corporate needs in fostering innovation clusters.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.12-28
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• 2021

Based on the global smart city promotion trend, in 2018, the "Fourth Industrial Revolution Committee" selected "sustainability" and "people-centered" as keywords in relation to the direction of domestic smart city policy. Accordingly, the Living Lab program, which is an active citizen-centered innovation methodology, is applied to each stage of the domestic smart city construction project. Through the Living Lab program, and in collaboration with the public and experts, the smart city discovers local issues as it focuses on citizens, devises solutions to sustainable urban problems, and formulates a regional development plan that reflects the needs of citizens. However, compared to citizen participation in urban regeneration projects that have been operated for a relatively long time, participation in smart city projects was found to significantly differ in level and sustainability. Therefore, this study conducted a comparative analysis of the characteristics of citizen participation at each stage of an urban regeneration project and, based on Arnstein's "Participation Ladder" model, examined the level of citizen participation activities in the Living Lab program carried out in a smart city commercial area from 2018 to 2019. The results indicated that citizen participation activities in the Living Lab conducted in the smart city project had a great influence on selecting smart city services, which fit the needs of local residents, and on determining the technological level of services appropriate to the region based on a relatively high level of authority, such as selection of smart city services or composition of solutions. However, most of the citizen participation activities were halted after the project's completion due to the one-off recruitment of citizen participation groups for the smart city construction project only. On the other hand, citizens' participation activities in the field of urban regeneration were focused on local communities, and continuous operation and management measures were being drawn from the project planning stage to the operation stage after the project was completed. This study presented a plan to revitalize citizen participation for the realization of a more sustainable smart city through a comparison of the characteristics and an examination of the level of citizen participation in such urban regeneration and smart city projects.

• Journal of Apiculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2019

We investigated the anti-tumor effects and molecular mechanism of Brazil, China and Korean regional propolis on HeLa ovarian cancer cell line. Each propolis extracts was prepared by ethanol extraction method. Cytotoxicity of propolis extracts was determinated by EZ-cytox cell viability assay. To necessity of anti-tumor effect and molecular mechanism of propolis, we must be adjusting propolis concentration. Due to 100 ㎍/mL of propolis extract were reduced cell viability to less than 50%, we adjusted all of propolis concentration to 100 ㎍/mL. By Western blotting analysis, we confirmed that anti-tumor mechanism of Brazil, China and Korea regional propolis has significantly difference. All of propolis was activated apoptosis related molecules such as PARP, caspase-3. However, cell proliferation signaling molecules including Akt1, ERK and Bcl-2 were reduced the protein expression level. Especially, the expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 was significantly increased in propolis-treated group such as Gyeonggi, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Gyeongnam and China. The phosphorylation of Bax which as apoptosis indicator was appeared in propolis-treated group such as Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk, China. In this results showed that the regional propolis has completely different mechanism in anti-tumor. Thus, propolis extracts may be useful source of functional materials on anti-cancer and it will be able to choose the suitable propolis for cancer therapy by analyzing individual characteristics.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.33
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• pp.89-97
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate the dose change according to the gas volume variations in the rectum, which was not included in the treatment plan during radiation therapy for cervical cancer. Materials and methods: Static Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (S-IMRT) using a 9-field and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) using 2 full-arcs were established with treatment planning system on Computed Tomography images of a human phantom. Random gas parameters were included in the Planning Target Volume(PTV) with a maximum change of 2.0 cm in increments of 0.5 cm. Then, the Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI) and PTV D_max for the target volume were calculated, and the minimum dose (D_min), mean dose (D_mean) and Maximum Dose (D_max) were calculated and compared for OAR(organs at risk). For statistical analysis, T-test was performed to obtain a p-value, where the significance level was set to 0.05. Result: The HI coefficients of determination(R²) of S-IMRT and VMAT were 0.9423 and 0.8223, respectively, indicating a relatively clear correlation, and PTV D_max was found to increase up to 2.8% as the volume of a given gas parameter increased. In case of OAR evaluation, the dose in the bladder did not change with gas volume while a significant dose difference of more than D_mean 700 cGy was confirmed in rectum using both treatment plans at gas volumes of 1.0 cm or more. In all values except for D_mean of bladder, p-value was less than 0.05, confirming a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: In the case of gas generation not considered in the reference treatment plan, as the amount of gas increased, the dose difference at PTV and the dose delivered to the rectum increased. Therefore, during radiation therapy, it is necessary to make efforts to minimize the dose transmission error caused by a large amount of gas volumes in the rectum. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate dose transmission by not only varying the gas volume but also where the gas was located in the treatment field.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.275-285
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• 2021

COVID-19 is threatening the safety of ships and seafarers by delaying seafarer rotation. Shipping companies and governments have a blindspot in case of the onboard environment of seafarers. An effective, alternative plan should be devised to eliminate the possibility of human accidents in an emergency that threatens the safety of seafarers. According to the survey of former and current seafarers, the most important factor in boarding life was safety, and the most necessary thing during emergencies was to secure smooth seafarer rotation rather than improve wages and welfare. By analyzing the major routes of national shipping companies by continent, ports with a large number of calls and a high Air Connectivity Index were selected as the base port. In addition, the route was designed for effective, domestic seafarer rotation during international shipping. Other countries must be consulted to establish a travel route linking ships, ports, and airports for the safe return of sailors to their home countries during an emergency. In addition, it is necessary to work together for the seafarers who are in trouble of seafarer rotation through cooperation with the International Maritime Organization(IMO). Starting with this, the government should have a monitoring system for the return and non-return routes as well as the number of seafarers on board. If such a system is established, it will be able to determine the response direction of our country's policy in case of an emergency. Along with the shipping company's ef orts to improve the treatment of seafarers, national and social attention will be needed to review domestic laws and improve awareness about seafarers.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.59-72
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• 2020

Video games have become a powerful tool to tell a complex story realistically thanks to modern technology. Rockstar Games' Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018), is a video game title that touts cinematic qualities such as superb acting by the voice actors and jaw-dropping cinematography as well as a rich narrative following the protagonist, Arthur Morgan's quest for redemption. Using Aristotle's Poetics and Robert Mckee's Aristotelian theory on storytelling, this study highlights Arthur's gradual change from a ruthless gunman to an altruistic hero, from which it derives the theme of redemption, and his super-objective to protect those he cares about. Then, it also explains a variety of possibilities in the narrative of the game determined by the opened-ended game mechanics, particularly the "honor" system, which reflects Arthur's moral choices on the narrative presentation with different sets of dialogue and endings. However, the study ultimately argues Red Dead Redemption 2 to be incohesive in its storytelling due to "ludonarrative dissonance," a concept coined by Clint Hocking, which indicates a conflict between the narrative and game mechanics of a video game. It's mainly because the game's various narrative choices bring changes to neither the theme nor Arthur's super-objective. Furthermore, the double-standard of evaluation in the "honor" system, and its numeric ranking system of honor also lend themselves to ludonarrative dissonance even further. After all, the study ultimately claims ludonarrative dissonance in Red Dead Redemption essentially disrupts the game's narrative unity, which is Aristotle's one of most emphasized upon traits of any story and signifies the game's instability as a storytelling medium.

• Korean Association of Arts Management
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• no.56
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• pp.39-87
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• 2020

This study empirically analyzed the value conflicts of cultural administration based on the needs of axiological discussions and the differences in intersubjectivity among the cultural administration groups and the contradicting attributes of culture and administration. The study classified the stakeholders into administrative staff, planners, and artists to compare their value priorities of publicness in cultural administration. A classification analysis was also conducted based on the normative by each group and the value distribution on a 2×2 value matrix between autonomy and accountability and fairness and efficiency. Based on the results of the quantitative study, the awareness of the relationships among the groups and cause and effects of value conflicts was analyzed through in-depth interviews. Thus, the study aimed to identify the directions for value distribution wherein the values of administration and culture can coexist and determine the implications of expanding this mutual understanding. The results revealed that in the conflict between autonomy and accountability, all groups had a greater awareness of accountability. In terms of normative aspects, it was possible to see a normative value line with an emphasis on autonomy, rather than on accountability from the lower stages on the budget hierarchy (administrators at the top, followed by planners and artists). In the conflict between autonomy and accountability, the size of dissonance between appropriateness and reality was the largest among the groups in the lower stages of the budget hierarchy, and became larger along the order of administrators, planners, and artists. In the conflict between efficiency and fairness, all groups had a greater awareness of efficiency. In terms of fairness in normative aspects, emphasis was placed on was artists, administrators, and planners, in that order. The size of dissonance between efficiency and fairness by groups became larger along the order of budget hierarchy-administrators, planners, and artists. Based on the results, the study compared and analyzed the 2×2 value matrix between the normative and actualities by groups. The normative value distribution emphasized Type 1 (accountability x fairness) as seeking communitarianism values through culture and Type 2 (autonomy x fairness) as seeking balanced values of cultural freedom of individualsonabalance. However, in actualities, although the communitarianism values of Type 1 were considered important, there were no distributions to the liberal values of Type 2, rather to the economic values of culture from Type 4 (accountability x efficiency). In summary, the Korean cultural administration isunderapressureof value distribution to emphasize the communitarianism and economic rather than liberal values, through bureaucratic control in actualities compared with the normative. This study will have significant implications on value distribution decision-making by groups and political implementations within the purview of cultural administration.