• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop rapid methods for distinguishing between Heterodera schachtii and H. glycines detected from chinese cabbage fields of highland in Gangwon, Korea. To do this, we performed PCR-RFLP and PCR with the primers set developed in this study for GC147, GC408 and PM001 population, H. schachtii, and YS224, DA142 and BC115 population, H. glycines. Eight restriction enzymes generated RFLP profiles of mtDNA COI region for populations of H. schachtii and H. glycines, repectively. As a result, treatment of two restriction enzymes, RsaI and HinfI, were allowed to distinguish H. schachtii from H. glycines based on the differences of DNA band patterns. The primer set, #JBS1, #JBG1 and #JB3R, amplified specific fragments with 277 and 339 bp of H. schachtii, 339 bp of H. glycines, respectively, while it did not amplify fragments from three root-knot nematodes and two root-lesion nematodes. Thus, the primer set developed in this study could be a good method, which is used to distinguish between H. schachtii and H. glycines.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.343-349
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• 2017

Combat modeling and simulation (M&S) of large-scale computer generated forces (CGFs) enables the development of even the most sophisticated strategy of combat warfare and the efficient facilitation of a comprehensive simulation of the upcoming battle. The DEVS-POMDP framework is proposed where the DEVS framework describing the explicit behavior rules in military doctrines, and POMDP model describing the autonomous behavior of the CGFs are hierarchically combined to capture the complexity of realistic world combat modeling and simulation. However, it has previously been well documented that computing the optimal policy of a POMDP model is computationally demanding. In this paper, we show that not only can the performance of CGFs be improved by an efficient POMDP tree search algorithm but CGFs are also able to conveniently learn the behavior model of the enemy through case studies in the scenario of counterfire warfare and the scenario of a mechanized infantry brigade's offensive operations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.209-209
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• 2011

본 연구는 횡성다목적댐이 준공되면서 유수역이었던 섬강이 정수역의 환경으로 변하면서 나타난 어류의 군집변화에 대하여 알아보고자 시행하였다. 조사 지역인 횡성다목적댐은 강원도 횡성군 갑천면 대관대리에 위치하고 있으며, 높이 48.5m, 길이 205m, 총저수량 8,690만t의 다목적댐으로 1993년 12월에 착공하여 2000년 11월에 준공되었다. 어류 조사는 2010년 04월부터 2010년 11월까지 총 4회에 걸쳐 횡성다목적댐을 기점으로 상류 2지점(유평교, 매일교), 횡성호 2지점(구방교, 부동교), 하류 2지점(활아지교, 수백교)에서 조사를 실시하였고 과거 문헌과 비교하여 결과를 분석하였다. 횡성다목적댐의 착공 전/후 조사 결과를 비교한 결과 착공하기 전에는 총 8과 29종 2,325개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Zacco koreanus) 576개체(24.8%), 쉬리(Coreoleuciscus splendidus) 316개체(13.6%), 피라미(Zacco platypus) 203개체(8.7%), 배가사리(Microphysogobio longidorsalis) 194개체(8.3%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 8과 24종 2,769개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus) 2,169개체(78.3%), 밀어(Rhinogobius brunneus) 91개체(3.3%), 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 89개체 (3.2%), 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi) 83개체(3.0%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 각 조사지점별로 비교한 결과 상류 2지점(유평교, 매일교)에서는 착공하기 전에 총 6과 20종 609개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 227개체(37.3%), 피라미(Z. platypus) 74개체(12.2%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 65개체(10.7%), 돌고기(P. herzi) 43개체(7.1%), 납자루(Acheilognathus lanceolatus) 41개체(6.7%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 6과 16종 1,923개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus)가 1,707개체(88.8%)로 대부분을 차지하였고, 그 외 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 53개체(2.8%), 돌고기(P. herzi) 46개체(2.4%), 참마자(Hemibarbus longirostris) 35개체(1.8%), 모래무지(Pseudogobio esocinus) 23개체(1.2%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 횡성호 2지점(구방교, 부동교)에서는 착공하기 전에 총 6과 22종 721개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 177개체 (24.5%), 배가사리(M. longidorsalis) 91개체(12.6%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 88개체(12.2%), 묵납자루(A. signifer) 71개체(9.8%), 피라미(Z. platypus) 45개체(6.2%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 6과 12종 393개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus) 228개체(58.0%), 붕어(C. auratus) 56개체(14.2%), 밀어(R. brunneus) 46개체(11.7%), 쏘가리(Siniperca scherzeti) 20개체(5.1%), 동자개(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) 16개체(4.1%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 하류 2지점(활아지교, 수백교)에서는 착공하기 전에 총 8과 25종 995개체가 조사되었으며, 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 172개체(17.3%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 163개체(16.4%), 묵납자루(A. signifer) 96개체(9.6%), 배가사리(M. longidorsalis) 91개체(9.1%), 피라미(Z. platypus) 84개체(8.4%) 등의 순으로 기록되었다. 반면, 착공한 후에는 총 7과 19종 453개체가 조사되었으며, 피라미(Z. platypus) 234개체(51.7%), 밀어(R. brunneus) 42개체(9.3%), 돌고기(Pungtungia herzi) 36개체(7.9%), 참갈겨니(Z. koreanus) 36개체(7.9%), 쉬리(C. splendidus) 10개체(4.2%) 등의 순으로 조사되었다. 본 연구의 조사 및 비교분석 결과 유수역이었던 섬강에 횡성다목적댐이 건설되어 주변 환경이 크게 변화하였고 그 결과 각 조사 지점에서의 어류상이 유수역 선호 어종에서 오염 내성종 및 정수역 선호 어종으로 변화되는 것을 확인하였다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.970-976
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• 2016

Determining age structure of the population of an endangered species is critical because it could provide basic information about population dynamics. In this study, we assessed the possibility if the growth lines on dorsal scutes of the national monument as well as endangered Reeves' turtle (Mauremys reevesii) can reliably estimate actual ages of the 100 turtles of which actual ages were known and have been housed in Seoul Zoo. We counted the number of growth lines on the first four dorsal scutes and the first left and right lateral scutes of each turtle and compared those with their known actual ages. Ages estimated by the growth lines were overestimated at between 1 and 5 actual ages, but underestimated at between 6 and 9 actual ages, indicating that age estimation using growth lines is only partially applicable at actual ages of less than 6 years old. In addition, using length and width of turtle's dorsal plates, we produced growth curves with equations to estimate actual ages of females combined with juveniles, but its application to estimate actual ages was not reliably possible because all subject turtles which used were at relatively young ages. In conclusion, when estimating actual ages of Reeves' turtles using the number of growth lines on the dorsal scutes, it is recommend to use minimum values at less than 6 lines, but use maximum values at more than 7 lines. As the first study which estimated actual ages of a turtle species using growth lines on the dorsal scutes in Korea, our results could be useful to estimate ages of the endangered Reeve's turtles in the field although its application might be limited.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.177-201
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• 2022

Following the adoption of the global plant conservation strategies at the Conference of the Parties for Biodiversity Conservation, diligent actions to achieve each targets are actively carried out. In particular, the need for ecological conservation research to achieve targets 2 and 7 of GSPC-2020 has increased. The priority taxa to accomplish the objectives of GSPC-2020 are rare and endemic plants. In particular, endemic plants with limited distribution in specific regions are evaluated to face a high risk of extinction. To address the necessity to preserve endemic plants, we investigated the distribution of Prunus choreiana H. T. Im, a Korean endemic plant. After that, we examined the vegetational environment of the habitat of P. choreiana and evaluated its population structure. The productivity of its fruits and the effects of pollinators on fruit production were evaluated as well. The fruiting ratio was calculated based on the number of flowers produced. Lastly, we observed the annual growth characteristics of P. choreiana. The habitats of P. choreiana did not show a specific type of vegetation. All of them were located in a limestone area of Gangwon-do in the central Korean Peninsula and occupied a site where the coverage of the tree layer and the sub-tree layer was not high or did not exist. The population structure of P. choreiana contained a high proportion of mature plants capable of producing fruits and a low proportion of seedlings and Juvenile plants. We found that the production of fruits required pollinators and was affected by the performance of each plant. Although P. choreiana produces many flowers, only a maximum of 20% and only 2-6% on average bear fruits. These flowering characteristics may be due to pollinators' low abundance and activity during the flowering season (between mid-March and early April), suggesting that many flowers are needed to attract more pollinators. We rarely observed the re-establishment of seedlings in the population of P. choreiana. Despite that, we predict the population to persist owing to its long lifespan and periodic production of numerous fruits. However, if the tree layer and sub-tree layer in competing status with P. choreiana increase their crown density, they are expected to inhibit the growth of P. choreiana and affect the risk of its extinction. Therefore, the current changes in the vegetational environment of the habitats are expected to decrease the number and extent of P. choreiana in the long term. The results of this study may serve as primary and important data necessary for the achievement of GSPC-2020 objectives.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.322-332
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• 2012

The objectives of this paper were to investigate home range, habitat selection, and threat factors of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) living in rural area of Korea. The results based on radio tracking of three leopard cats (two males and one female) can be summarized as follows. First, the average home range of leopard cats were $2.64{\pm}1.99km^2$ (Kernel 95) and $3.69{\pm}1.34km^2$ (MCP 100), and the average size of core areas was $0.64{\pm}0.47km^2$ (Kernel 50). The home range of a male leopard cat that radio-tracked in winter was the largest ($5.19km^2$, MCP 100). Second, the Johnson's habitat selection model based on the Jacobs index showed that leopard cats preferred meadows and paddy fields avoiding forest covers at the second level, whereas they preferred meadows adjacent to streams and avoided paddy fields at the third level. Finally, roadkill could be prime threat factor for the cat population. Therefore, habitats dominated by paddy fields, stream corridors with paved roads, and human settlements with insufficient forest patches could threaten the long-term viability of leopard cat populations. Thus the habitat managements for the leopard cat conservation should focus on the prevention of road-kill and the installation of wildlife passages in rural highways adjacent to stream corridors.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.257-276
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• 2022

Studies on rare and endemic plant conservation should be performed nationally to conserve plant diversity. Studies targeting a specific taxon have been reported based on the necessity of conserving plant diversity. From this point of view, there is an increasing necessity to compare and evaluate the studies for conservation. Moreover, it is necessary to analyze and review the direction for study subjects and items required for effective conservation of rare and endemic plants in Korea, based on the analysis results of collected data. We analyzed trends of studies on rare and endemic plants worldwide. In particular, we collected and analyzed the study trend in Korea. Study fields of the rare and endemic plants were divided into six classifications, of which the conservation ecology classification was sub-divided into the species traits, population study, and biological interaction. We have collected conservation ecology studies showing significant differences in regions and countries. They have been actively conducted in Europe and North America by region and in Japan and the United States by country. On the contrary, studies on basic ecology accounted for the most, followed by conservation genetics and restoration ecology in Korea. It was revealed that the portion of conservation ecology conducted in Korea was lower than that of the world. Moreover, studies mainly focused on a specific taxon of rare and endemic plants, such as endangered plants designated by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Particularly in Korea, conservation genetics and restoration ecology studies accounted for high percentages. Considering the worldwide study trends, particularly those in Europe and North America that lead the study of conservation ecology, we suggest approaches to increase the percentages of conservation ecology, including securing the information on species traits, population structure and population dynamics, and interaction between animals and plants are necessary for effective conservation of rare and endemic plants in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.86-92
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine removal effect on phytoplankton (chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ as whole algae) and cyanobacteria by a fish Pseudorasbora parva and macroinvertebrate Palaemon paucidens in September 2006. Three treatments with 25 (T1), 50 (T2) and 100 (T3) individuals along with control (C1, no input fish), and two treatments with 25 (T4) and 50 (T5) individuals along with control (C1) were made for fish and macroinvertebrate, respectively. The initial concentrations of chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ $(Chl_i)$ in each 10L test tank were set up for the levels of $95{\sim}100{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the daily values were monitored in the test tank during 7 days. In the lab tests, P. parva did not show Chl-${alpha}$ removal effect; the removal rate of Chl-${alpha}$ for P. parva was -58% in T1, -56% in T2, and 61% in T3 during the test period. In contrast, P. paucidens. in the treatments of T4 and T5 removed the phytoplankton effectively and the removal effect were appeared to be 33% and 22%, respectively. Also, P. paucidens showed high feeding efficiency in the removal of cyanobacteria. The levels of cyanobacteria were greatly lowed from 6,048 to 927 cells $mL^{-1}$ in T4 and from 6,539 to 1,053 cells $mL^{-1}$ in T5, resulting in 85% and 84% in the removal effect, respectively. Our results for biomanipulation tests suggest that P. paucidens may be used as a potential candidate organism for algae control in spite of the preliminary results by laboratory tests.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1993

강원도 춘천군, 명주군, 평창군에서 채집한 산골조개(pisidium (Neopisidium) coreanum)의 발생형태 및 산란시기에 대한 조직학적 결과는 다음과 같다. 산골조개는 난태생이고 아가미를 보육장으로 이용하여 발생을 하였다. 유패는 한 개체의 성패내에서 최고 19마리까지의 유패를 보유하였으며 방출 즉시 독깁 생활을 하였지만 수관의 구별은 어려웠다. 산란은 일년내내 할 수 있으며 생식소내에서 난소와 정소의 배우자 발생 시기가 다른 것으로 보아 자가수정을 하지 않는것으로 관찰되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.216-219
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• 2010