• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.351-358
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• 2005

The effects of thiamine-HCl or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on growth and catechin contents of calli from Camellia sinensis leaves were investigated to improve catechin productivity in callus cultures on the selective medium. The growth of calli was great on the proliferation medium (the MS medium with 0.2 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L TDZ) supplemented with $20{\sim}30\;mg/L$ thiamine-HCl. Although the caffeine content was low in calli compared to young leaves, the total content of catechins was high in calli. Particularly,(-)-epicatechin (EC) which not detected in young loaves was also detected in calli on the propagation medium containing thiamine-HCl or PVP. In addition, the (-)-epicatechingallate (ECG) content was significantly higher in calli than in young leaves. In conclusion, the proliferation medium supplemented with 30 mg/L thiamine-HCl as a vitamin source seemed to be optimal condition for the growth and catechin production in callus culture.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.462-469
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• 2013

Catechin (CTEC) is well-known as a very powerful antioxidant, containing the effects of anti-inflammation and skin wound healing. In this study, CTEC/${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (${\beta}$-CD) nanoparticles were incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/pectin (PT) hydrogel. The composite was designed for the induction of re-epithelializaton in skin wound. CTEC/${\beta}$-CD nanoparticles were prepared by a molecular complex method. The size of the CTEC nanoparticles formed in the hydrogel was in the range of $250{\pm}17.5$ nm. The incorporation efficiency of CTEC in the nanoparticles was 74%. The cumulative amounts of CTEC released from the hydrogel containing CTEC nanoparticles in the buffers of pH7.4 and 5.5 were $86.51{\pm}3.14%$ and $35.95{\pm}2.14%$ of total CTEC loaded in the hydrogel within 72 h, respectively. Also, in the wound healing test, the CTEC nanoparticles-loaded PVA/PT hydrogel showed faster healing of the wound made in rat dorsum than the CTEC gel.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.359-364
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• 2007

Pine bark extract is well-known as a very powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic material. French maritime pine bark extract ($Pycnogenol^{(R)}$) of Horphag Research has monopolized the world market over 30 years. Korean red pine bark extract ($Pinexol^{(R)}$) was first manufactured by the patent technology of NutraPharm in Korea in 2006. Feasibility of topical gel and patch formulations of Pinexol was systematically investigated by evaluating the skin absorption of catechin as a reference compound. In vitro hairless mouse skin absorption of catechin from gel formulation was higher than that from patches. However, significant amount of catechin was also deposited inside the skin from patch formulations, which were dependent on the types of pressure sensitive adhesives. Thus, it seems to be feasible to control the topical delivery of Pinexol by using both gel and patch formulations, and be necessary to conduct further systematic investigation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2012

The objectives of this research were to evaluate antioxidant activities and nutritional components, including phenolic acid, catechin, organic acid, sugar, and amino acid, of persimmon juice from persimmons grown in different regions around Korea. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) exhibits potent antioxidant effects in DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, and FRAP methods of analysis. The levels of nutritional constituents showed significant differences among all the samples. In particular, tartaric acid, glucose, gallic acid, epicatechin gallate and aspartic acid were observed to be the predominant component for each of their general chemical groups, with total average contents of 1876.51 mg/kg, 62.69 g/kg, 12.73 mg/kg, 208.99 mg/kg, and 31.84 mg/100 g, respectively. Interestingly, persimmons from the Hadong region presented the highest sugar (130.60 g/kg), phenolic acid (42.27 mg/kg), and catechin (527.97 mg/kg) contents in comparison with other regional samples. Moreover, this location exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity with highest total phenolic (298.01 mg GAE/kg) and flavonoid (32.11 mg/kg RE) contents. Our results suggest that strong antioxidant activities of persimmons correlate with high phenolic acid and catechin contents, particularly gallic acid and epicatechin gallate. Additionally, these two compounds may be key factors when considering the useful ingredients of persimmon.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2004

The dried neeldes(1.5 kg) of Juniperus rigida were ground, extracted with acetone-H₂O(7:3, v/v), concentrated, and fractionated with a series of hexane, CH₂Cl₂, EtOAc and water on a separatory funnel. Each fraction was freeze dried to give dark-brown powder and EtOAc and water soluble fractions were chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a series of aqueous methanol and ethanol-hexane mixture as eluent. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and FAB or EI-MS including TLC were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. The needles of Juniperus rigida contained a large amount of (+)-catechin, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and isoconiferin, in addition to a small amount of umbelliferone and quercetin-3-O-β-D-rutinoside. The antioxidative activities of each fraction and isolated compounds were tested by DPPH radical scavenging method, and EtOAc soluble fraction, (+)-catechin and quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside were effective.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 1998

Seven kinds of polyphenol compounds having ACE activities were isolated and purified by Sephadex LH-20, MCI-gel CHP-20, ${\um}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ and Fuji-gel ODS $G_3$ sucessively from cacao bean(Ghana). The chemical structures of each compound were determined and identified using analyzers such as $^1H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$, IR, MS, polarimeter and Elemental Analysis. Inhibition effects of isolated polyphenols on angiotensin converting enzyme (concerned with hypertension) were also observed. The results obtained were as follows,; The compounds isolated and identified were confirmed and determined as compound 1 [(+)-catechin], compound 2 [(-)-epicatechin], compound 3 [procyanidin B-1 : (-)-epicatechin-$(4{\beta}{\rightarrow}8)$-(+)catechin], compound 4 [procyanidin B-2 : (-)-epicatechin-$(4{\beta}{\rightarrow}8)$-(-)-epicatechin], compound 5 [procyanidin B-7 : (-)-epicatechin-$(4{\beta}{\rightarrow}6)$-(+)-catechin], campound 6 (procyanidin B-2,3,3'-O -digallate), compound 7 [cinnamtannin A-2 : (-)-epicatechin-$(4{\beta}{\rightarrow}8)$-(-)-epicatechin-$(4{\beta}{\rightarrow}8)$-(-)-epicatechin-$(4{\beta}{\rightarrow}8)$-(-)-epicatechin]. In the inhibition effect on ACE, procyanidin B-2,3,3'-O-digallate (compound 6) showed a higher value of 94.6% for ACE in $100\;{\um}M$ than other compounds such as (+)-catechin (compound 1), (-)-epicatechin (compound 2), procyanidin B-1 (compound 3), procyanidin B-2 (compound 4), procyanidin B-7 (compound 5) and cinnamtannin A-2 (compound 7) showing 67.9%, 61.9%, 88.6%, 82.5%, 72.2% and 82.3% for ACE, respectively. Inhibition of $4{\beta}{\rightarrow}8$ in coupling bond on the ACE enzyme was more effective than that of $4{\beta}{\rightarrow}6$. Procyanidin containing gallate inhibited more effectively than those containing not any. It was also observed that a lot of hydroxy group in the compounds increased the inhibitory effect.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.408-412
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• 2008

Determining the elution of water-soluble substances from herbal teas is an important factor in their efficient use in terms of taste, perfume, and content of health-related components. The antioxidant activity and content of catechins in commercial Chrysanthemum indicum (gamguk) teas were determined for optimum elution conditions. The water extract of gamguk teas did not differ significantly in yield compared to methanol extracts and showed stronger antioxidant activity. Catechin contents in gamguk teas were 8-18% of the extracts when individual peaks in high-performance liquid chromatography analysis were compared to standard catechin peaks. Gamguk teas exhibited faster release of antioxidants, and the antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the thermal treatments. Gukhwacha (GC) was the best tea for rapid release (30 sec) of antioxidants with the $50^{\circ}C$ treatment, whereas antioxidants in other teas were relatively slower released.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.308-312
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• 2010

The purpose of this research is to provide basic informations to discriminate between sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) cultivated in the Republic of Korea and Mongolia. The phenolic compounds of sea buckthorn, were measured by the HPLC analysis. Catechin, rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin were found in methanol extracts of sea buckthorn. Total phenolic compound of Korean sea buckthorn leaves (1.852%) was about five times higher than those of Mongolian sea buckthorn berries (0.338%). As a result, the order of the total phenolic compound and Catechin content was 1) sea buckthorn leaves, 2) sea buckthorn stems, 3) sea buckthorn roots, and 4) sea buckthorn berries. Statistically no big differences in levels of phenolic compounds were consistently found in sea buckthorn cultivated in the Republic of Korea and Mongolia investigated in this work.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2002

Green tea has been recognized as a favorite beverage for centuries in Easter and Westers cultures. Recently, anti-tumor effects of green tea constituents have received increasing attention. However, the mechanism of catechin-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells remains to be elusive. To elucidate the mechanical insights of anti-tumor effects, (-)epigallocatechin-gallate(EGCG) of catechin was applied to human lung cancer A549 cells. (-)EGCG induced the death of A549 cells, which was revealed as apoptosis in DNA fragmentation assay. (-)EGCG induced the activation of caspase family cysteine proteases including capase-3, -8 and -9 proteases in A549 cells. Furthermore, (-)EGCG increased the phosphotransferase activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1JNK 1), which further induced tole transcriptional activation of activating protein-1(AP-1) in A549 cells. We suggest that (-)EGCG-induced apotosis of A549 cells is mediated by signaling pathway involving caspase family cysteine protease, JNK1 and transcription factor, AP-1.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.145-151
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• 2007

To investigate the chemical constituents of Acer tegmentosum, the bark were collected, air-dried and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone. Then it was successively partitioned with n-hexane, $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc and $H_2O$. Repeated Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography on the EtOAc soluble fraction gave five phenolic compounds. Their structures were elucidated as (+)-catechin (1), (-)-epi-catechin (2), Q-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (3), gallic acid (4) and 6'-0-galloylsalidroside (5) on the basis of spectroscopic evidences using $^1H-NMR$, $^{13}C-NMR$, 2D-NMR and MS spectroscopy, (-)-epicatechin-3-Ogallate (3), gallic acid (4), 6'-Ogalloylsalidroside (5) have not been reported in this plant yet.