• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.68 no.3
• /
• pp.147-166
• /
• 2023

Seed color is controlled by several genes and is a key trait in determining the metabolite content and biological activities of legume genotypes. In this study, 296 adzuki bean accessions, including 159 grey, 99 red, and 38 white adzuki beans, were grown in Korea. Variations in total phenolic content (TPC), total saponin content (TSC), DPPH^• scavenging activity, ABTS^•+ scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were assessed and were reported to be in the ranges of 1.52-8.24 mg GAE/g, 14.36-114.22 mg DE/g, 0.23-12.84 mg AAE/g, 1.05-17.66 mg TE/g, and 0.59-13.14 mg AAE/g, respectively, with a wide variation across adzuki beans. Except for DPPH^• scavenging activity, the average values declined in the order gray > red > white adzuki beans, each demonstrating a significant variation (p < 0.05). White adzuki beans, which showed low metabolite content and antioxidant activity, were clearly separated from the gray and red genotypes using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Moreover, TPC, TSC, and antioxidant activities were strongly correlated, regardless of seed color. Overall, the diversity of the TPC, TSC, and antioxidant activity in a broad population of adzuki bean genotypes was determined. Furthermore, this study found that seed color variation in adzuki beans had a significant effect on the metabolite content and antioxidant activity. Superior accessions with high levels of TPC, TSC, and antioxidant activity were also discovered and could be used for functional plant breeding and human consumption. The findings of this study may be useful for understanding the relationship between seed coat color and metabolite concentration in adzuki beans, paving the way for molecular-level analyses.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to develope identification method with major broad leaved weed seedlings. Characteristics of weed seedlings were investigated at two to four true leaf stage. Qualitative characteristics were more useful to identification of weed species than quantitative characteristics at the seedling stage. Many species were elliptic and broadly elliptic type in their cotyledon shape. Cotyledon shape of Cassia nomame and Calystegia sepium were broadly oblong. Four species were transverse broadly elliptic in their cotyledon shape. Rumex japonicus, Persicaria hydropiper, Euphorbia supina and Acalypha australis have three or more types in their cotyledon shape. Cotyledons of Vigna angularis var. nipponensis remained below ground after its germination. Many species were round in apex and were cuneate in base of cotyledon. Humulus japonicus and Polygonum aviculare were sessile in cotyledon base. The second true leaf shape of some species changed after first leaf stages. Glycine soja, V. angularis var. nipponensis and Kummerowia striata were broadly ovate, heart-shaped, orbicular or broadly obovate in their first true leaf, respectively, but the second true leaf shape of them were tripalmately compound. Aeschynomene indica and Cassia nomame were paripinnately compound leaf in their first and second true leaves. Margin of true leaves were entire in many species but six species including Xanthium occidentale were dentate in their true leaf margins. Margin of Euphorbia supina was entire in first true leaf and dentate in second true leaf. Margin of Chenopodium album and C. serotinum were entire in their first true leaf stage and erose in their second true leaf stage. The key for weed seedling identification of major weed species were made based on quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.44 no.5
• /
• pp.687-694
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield, antioxidant content, and antioxidant activity of adzuki beans according to germination time. Cultivated varieties were Vigna angularis var. Nipponensis cv. Chungju-pat (CJP), and Yeonduchae (YDC), and Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek cv. Dahyeon (DH). The moisture, crude protein, calcium, and magnesium contents of YDC significantly changed with increasing germination time, whereas potassium, natrium, and aluminium contents did not significantly change. Sprout yield, total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents of ethanolic extracts from adzuki and mung beans significantly increased with increasing germination time. Total polyphenol contents of ungerminated CJP, YDC, and DH were 1.96, 2.68, and 2.02 mg/g, and those of CJP and YDC germinated for 144 h were 3.33 and 3.47 mg/g, respectively. Total flavonoid content of adzuki beans substantially decreased with increasing germination time. Total tannin content substantially increased with increasing germination time, and YDC showed higher contents (0.85 mg/g) sample germinated for 120 h. DPPH radical scavenging activities of CJP and YDC substantially decreased with increasing germination time, whereas that of DH increased. ABTS radical scavenging activities of ungerminated CJP, YDC, and DH were 4.57, 6.51, and 2.82 mg/g, respectively, and increased after germination for 72~120 h.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.65 no.3
• /
• pp.231-240
• /
• 2020

This research was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties, antioxidant components, and their activities for more taking advantage of small redbean cultivars. Seed size, 100 seeds weight, and hardness on the 8 cultivars were measured. The free sugar and crude protein contents were evaluated using HPLC and protein analyzer, respectively. Amylose content, antioxidant components, and activities were analyzed by spectrophotometer. The range of 100 seeds weight and hardness were 12.55-18.81 g and 9,527.38-14,341.25 gf, respectively. Total free sugar, amylose, and crude protein were showed 22.49-31.07 mg/g, 13.53-15.67%, and 21.27-23.30%, respectively. The cultivar 'Hongeon' was higher antioxidant component and activity more than others. In clustering the cultivars based on the results, the tree showed four major clades. The 'Huinnarae' group was high in total free sugar and amylose content. The 'Hongeon' group were high in 100 seeds weight, antioxidant component. and activity, while amylose content was lower than that in the other groups. The results of the cultivars can be utilized for research of functional materials. The findings of this study will provide valuable information for expansion of functional food industry related on small redbean.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2003

This study was determined to the growth characteristic, yield and chemical content of Azuki bean(Vigna angularis W.F. $W_{IGHT}$) based on five phosphate rates (0, 40, 50, 120, 160, 200kg/ha) from May, 2002 to August, 2002 in Jeju province. Plant height was 80.7cm at 0kg/ha of phosphate level md, as phosphate rates were increased to 160kg/ha and 200kg/ha, lengthened 88.8cm and 88.9cm, respectively, but between the two phosphat levels were no significance(P＞0.05 or 0.0l). Numbs. of branches and leaves per plant, stem diameter, and weight of leaves and stems per plant were the same response with plant height. Fresh forage, dry matter, crude protein, and TDN(total digestible nutrient) yield at the control were 23.8MT/ha, 3MT/ha, 0.5MT/ha and 1.8MT/ha, respectively, at the 200kg/ha plot were 47.3MT/ha, 7.2MT/ha, 1.3MT/ha, and 4.7MT/ha, respectively, as phosphate rate was increased. As phosphate rate increased from 0kg/ha to 200kg/ha, the content of crude protein, crude fat NFE(nitrogen free extract) and TDN increased 15.2%~18.6%, 3.4%~4.5%, 41.4%~45.5% and 58.3%~65.5%, respectively, whereas the content of crude fiber and crude ash were decreased 31.5%~24.8% and 8.1%~6.6%, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the influence of seeding date (May 3, 13, 23, June 2, 12) on the growth characteristics yield and feed value Azuki bean(Vigna angularis W.F. Wight) from May 3, 2002 to August 3, 2002 in Jeju province. Plant height was the longest (84cm) when seeded on 13 May and was the shortest (48.4cm) when seeded on 12 June. Numbers of branches and leaves per plant, stem diameter and weight of leaves and stems per plant were the same trend with plant height. Fresh forage, fry matter, crude protein and TDN(total digestible nutrient) yield per ha at were increased to 54.6MT, 7.7MT, 1.4MT and 4.5MT, respectively, whereas decreased as seeding date was delayed and then at seeding on 12 June were decreased to 11.5MT/ha 2.12MT/ha 0.4MT/ha and 1.3MT/ha, respectively The content of crude protein, crude fat, NFE(nitrogen free extract) and TDN were incresed 17.6%∼21.3%, 3.3%∼4.5%, 34.3%∼41.4% and 56%∼64.8%, respectively, as seeding was delayed from 3 May to 13 June. Whereas the content of crude fiber and crede ash were decreased 33.8%∼23.5% and 11%∼9.3％, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.346-352
• /
• 2016

To investigate the oviposition preference and development of azuki bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.), the following six different leguminous seeds were used in this study: red bean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi), black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), seoritae (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), small black bean (Rhynchosia nulubilis) and kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alef.). In the study of oviposition preference, the numbers of eggs per leguminous seed on red bean, black soybean, soybean, seoritae and small black bean were 1.23, 0.61, 0.69, 1.05 and 1.13, respectively. The maximum daily number of eggs was observed at 48 hours and the minimum was at 96 hours. According to each host leguminous seed, developmental time for each host seed was different. The shortest adult emergence time was on red bean (25.27 days). The other five leguminous seeds increased or doubled the adult emergence time. Adult emergence rates feeding on red bean, seoritae, black soybean, soybean, small black bean were 83.33%, 28.23%, 27.87%, 20.44%, and 11.59%, respectively. Emergence rate on red bean was four times higher than the rate on other seeds. The longevity of emerged female adults was almost all longer than that of males. The male adults weighed the lowest of feeding on small black bean. Female adults weighed the lowest of feeding on soybean. Adult weights were the heaviest for both males and females feeding on red bean. As a result, hosts of azuki bean weevil could decrease oviposition rate, emergence rate, adult longevity, and adult weight but increase emergence time. Especially in kidney bean, adult was not completely emerged. No eggs were laid. These results suggest that there might be emergence inhibitors in kidney bean. These imformation might be used to control damages caused by azuki bean weevils.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.59 no.3
• /
• pp.350-358
• /
• 2014

This study investigated the changes of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity of adzuki bean by drainage methods in poorly drained sloping paddy field. The soil moisture contents of under pipe and open ditch drainage on very poorly drained paddy soil were $18.52{\pm}4.58$ and $19.01{\pm}4.25%$, and imperfectly drained paddy soil were $14.87{\pm}4.82$ and $18.64{\pm}3.85%$, respectively. Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of adzuki bean with drainage methods were 10.10~11.60, 14.13~21.75, 0.02~0.73 and 2.81~3.45 g/100 g, respectively. The total polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents, and radical scavenging activity of adzuki bean showed significant differences by drainage methods. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents by drainage methods were 2.73~4.14 mg GAE/g, 1.07~1.43 mg CE/g, and 1.27~1.84 mg TAE/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 2.84~4.47 and 5.11~6.74 mg TE/g, respectively. The antioxidant compounds and radical scavenging activity of the adzuki bean by drainage methods were frequently affected soil water.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.62 no.3
• /
• pp.203-213
• /
• 2017

This study investigated the changes in yields, antioxidant compounds, and antioxidant activities among 11 adzuki bean cultivars cultivated in a paddy field with somewhat poorly drained soil. The adzuki bean cultivars were cultivated in the paddy field from 2015 to 2016 in Milyang, Gyeongsangnam, Korea. Average soil moisture content was 16.5% in 2015 and 31.0% in 2016 at the experimental site during adzuki bean cultivation. As the soil moisture content increased, most of the adzuki bean cultivars showed deceases in stem height, first setting pod node, number of pods, 100 seed weight, and yield. Chungju-pat produced the greatest yields among the 11 cultivars in 2015 and 2016, whereas Hongeon had the smallest yields. Adzuki bean yields after paddy field cultivation was lower for all cultivars than for adzuki bean yields from the same cultivars after upland field cultivation. Chungju-pat and Chilbo-pat showed the smallest decreases in yields after paddy field cultivation, whereas Hongeon and Kumsil showed the greatest yield reductions. There were no significant differences in proximate composition. Some mineral components ($P_2O_5$, Ca, and Mg) were statistically different across cultivars. Chungju-pat had the highest Ca and Mg contents, but antioxidant components (polyphenol and flavonoids) and antioxidant activities (ABTS and DPPH) were highest in Saegil and lowest in Jungbu-pat. PCA and clustering analyses, based on the growth, yield, and antioxidant component measurements, performed to identify which variables contributed the most to separating adzuki bean cultivars or to grouping cultivars with similar characteristics. These analyses showed that the antioxidant components and antioxidant activities had the most influence on grouping cultivars together. Among the 11 cultivars, Saegil was statistically different from the other cultivars, but the other 10 cultivars were not significantly different under paddy field cultivation. Soil moisture content affected adzuki bean yield and antioxidant component contents. An increase in soil moisture led to a decrease in yield, but an increase in antioxidant components. These results provide information that will improve the selection of an appropriate adzuki bean cultivar for use in paddy fields.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.40 no.8
• /
• pp.1121-1127
• /
• 2011

We evaluated the quality characteristics of adzuki bean sediment according to variety. The moisture, crude protein, and crude ash contents of the various adzuki bean varieties were 8.2~11.1, 15.4~20.6 and 3.3~3.6 g/100 g, respectively. The potassium contents of Chilbo-pat (CB) and Hongeon-pat (HE) were 875.1 and 873.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The calcium contents of Jungbu-pat (JB) and Kumsil-pat (KS)were 73.6 and 73.2 mg/100 g, respectively. A high level of magnesium (131.4 mg/100 g) was found in Yeonkeum-pat (YK). The yields of adzuki bean sediment according to variety were no different either wet (188.3~204.7%) or dry (62.1~66.0%). The L-values on sediment of YK and KS were 67.0 and 68.0, respectively; however, the CB L-value was low at 54.0. A high level of a- (6.6) and b-value (12.8) was found in YK; however, the values for CB were much lower at 3.8 and 5.9, respectively. There was no difference in particle-size distribution, water binding capacity, and solubility of adzuki bean sediment according to variety. High levels of peak (3.79 RVU), trough (3.75 RVU), final (7.33 RVU), and setback viscosity (3.54 RVU) were found in JB. The sensory properties of products in food processing are important, and the variety of adzuki bean sediment should be chosen depending on desired product characteristics.