• 생약학회지
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• 제34권3호통권134호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2003

This study was carried out to evaluate the change of blood constituents during the growth of antlers in Korean spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Samples of blood, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty five deer (3 to 6 year-old males) were taken in 10 days interval from casting to cutting of antler and were analyzed the blood parameters. Total-protein concentration in blood serum showed significantly differences during growth period of velvet antler (p<0.01), and it had similar tendency for total protein and albumin concentration, but albumin concentration was about 40-45% of total protein concentration. Urea and creatinine concentration was tended to inverse proportion, and it was almost 30:1 for ratio of urea and creatinine concentration. The concentration of total protein, creatinine, and uric acid concentration in blood during growth period of velvet antler was similarly increased and decreased but urea concentration was opposed. The concentration of total-bilirubin and direct-bilirubin at casting was higher than those at other period(P<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1303-1313
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• 2011

This study was conducted to provide the basic information to allow improved scientific assessment of velvet antler's quality by investigating the change of chemical composition during different antler growth stages in elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). Twenty four antlers were harvested from elk stags (aged 4-5 years) on 65 days (VA65), 80 days (VA80) and 95 days (VA95) after button casting, and the chemical composition of each antler was determined in five sections (top, upper, middle, base, and bottom). Crude protein and ether extract content was the highest in the top section, whereas ash content was the highest in the bottom section in all groups (p<0.05). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was higher in the VA65 group than in the VA95 group in the upper section of antler (p<0.05). The collagen content was higher in the VA65 group compared to the VA95 group in the middle and bottom sections (p<0.05), and increased downward from the top to the bottom section. The proportions of certain amino acids, including aspartic acid, glutamic acid and isoleucine were higher (p<0.05), whereas proline and glycine were lower in the top section of antler compared to all other sections (p<0.05). The proportion of linoleic acid, 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid, total ${\omega}$-3 and ${\omega}$-6 fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for all sections in the VA65 group was higher than in the VA95 group (p<0.05). These results suggested that the quality of velvet antler is strongly influenced by antler development stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to provide basic haematological information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production in spotted deer (Cervus nippon) by investigating biochemical changes in blood values during the antler growth period. Blood samples, obtained from the jugular vein of twenty-five deer, were taken every 10 days from casting (day 0) to harvesting (day 50) of velvet antler. Negligible changes were found in the concentrations of total protein, albumin, and creatinine during the antler growth period, but there were significant changes in the concentrations of urea (p<0.05) and uric acid (p<0.01). The concentration of triglyceride was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the antler growth period compared to casting time, while serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were low and remained unchanged during the antler growth period. Serum glucose concentration increased (p<0.05) significantly and was slightly changeable during antler growth. The serum concentrations of Ca and P did not fluctuate during antler growth, while those of Na, K and Cl showed slight differences between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period. No significant changes in concentrations of AST, ALT, amylase, CK, GGT and LDH were detected during the antler growth period. However, the concentration of ALK-P increased during antler growth reaching its peak on day 50 after casting. We found a significant difference in the concentration of ALK-P between the time of casting and the rest of the antler growth period (p<0.01). Consequently, antler growth was associated with mild changes in measured serum biochemical values with the exception of ALK-P activity in spotted deer.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.899-904
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• 2005

본 연구는 강제낙각이 사슴뿔의 성장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 꽃사슴 18두를 공시하여 뿔이 낙각 되기 40여일 전 강제 낙각을 실시하여 녹용생산량, 녹용길이 및 낙각시기에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1)뿔의 성장개시는 1차 년도에서 양쪽 절단구가 대조구에 비해 15일 정도 늦었으며, 다음 해 낙각시기는 절단구가 대조구보다 11-14일 빨랐다(P<0.05). 2)녹용 생산량은 1차년도에서 대조구, 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 각각 775, 835 및 757g 이었고, 2차년도에서는 각각 1,004, 1,194 및 998g으로 한쪽 절단구의 녹용 생산량이 가장 많았으나 처리간에 유의성은 없었다. 3)녹용의 길이는 대조구, 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 각각 25.8, 27.4 및 31.5 cm로 대조구에 비하여 한쪽 절단구 및 양쪽 절단구가 1년차에는 각각 1.6, 5.7cm 더 길었으며(P<0.05), 2년차에서도 각각 대조구보다 2.7, 2.4cm 더 길었다(P<0.05). 이러한 결과는 녹용의 생산시기 조절을 위하여 강제낙각을 응용한다면 녹용의 생산시기를 늦추거나 앞당기는데 충분히 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

Antlers from deer species are alternative animal by-products. Due to the oriental trade, the velvet antler industry is rapidly emerging in North America. The unique biological property of antler wish a deciduous natural phenomenon offers the valuable model of biomedical research. Growing antlers showed different structures according to cell populations consisting of mesenchymes, chondroblasts, chondrocytes and osseous tissues from distal to proximal portions of main beam. Their structures were different from two tissues, cartilage and bone, in growing antlers. Zone of maturing ants calcifying chondrocytes referred as upper section was invaded by osteoblasts indicating the occurrence of endochondral ossification. The cartilaginous tissues were gradually replaced by osseous tissues downward. The bony tissues referred as the middle and base sections in this thesis contained spongy bone and cortical bone structure in the difference of the degree of mineralization antral the thickness of cortical bony in adjacent to outer velvet layer. In addition, the endocrinological regulators such as testosterone, prolactin, growth hormones and other growth factors are actively involved in the unique deciduous nature shown in the growth and development of antler.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.749-758
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• 2003

우리나라와 중국에서 인삼과 함께 고귀한 한방 강장제로 사용되고 있는 녹용의 효능에 대하여 알고자 본 실험은 녹용분말을 급여하였을 때 흰쥐의 발육에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하고자 실시하였다. Sprague-Dawley종 5주령의 어린쥐와 10주령의 큰쥐를 각각 12두씩 처리구별로 임의 배치하였고, 녹용분말을 급여하지 않는 대조구, 녹용분말 I구 (권장량) 그리고 녹용분말 II구 (권장량 3배)로 구분하여 10주간 사육하였으며 실험쥐의 성장발육, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율 및 장기발육에 대하여 조사하였다. 그리고 본 실험의 녹용분말 권장량은 몸무게가 70 kg (대사체중: 24.2 kg)인 성인에게 권장된 녹용분말 7.5 g/day를 기준으로 하여 실험쥐의 대사체중 (Wkg0.75)를 적용하여 계산하였다. 실험쥐들에 대한 성장발육은 어린쥐의 녹용분말 급여구에서 실험 종료시 체중이 다소 좋게 나타났지만 처리구간에 현격한 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 그러나 큰쥐의 경우는 녹용분말을 급여 I구와 II구 모두에서 녹용분말을 급여하지 않은 실험쥐 보다 전 실험 기간동안 좋은 성장을 보였으며, 실험 종료시 대조구, 녹용분말 I구와 II구의 체중은 각각 어린쥐가 470${\pm}$39.00g, 478${\pm}$30.33g과 475${\pm}$22.72g 그리고 큰쥐가 485${\pm}$38.50g, 521${\pm}$38.67g과 508${\pm}$34.44g으로 어린쥐 및 큰쥐 모두 녹용분말 I구의 체중이 가장 높았다. 사료섭취량은 녹용분말 급여에 의하여 특별한 영향을 받지 않았으며, 사료요구율은 대조구, 녹용분말 I구와 II구에서 각각 어린쥐가 5.99, 5.47과 5.54, 그리고 큰쥐가 9.04, 7.73와 8.18로 어린쥐와 큰쥐 모두에서 녹용분말 급여구에서 사료효율이 좋았으며 권장량의 녹용분말을 급여하였을 때 가장 좋은 사료효율을 보였다. 그리고 장기 무게에 있어서는 처리구간 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았지만 녹용분말을 급여한 어린쥐와 큰쥐의 간장, 심장 신장 및 위장의 발육이 좋은 경향을 보였으며 녹용분말 급여량을 달리함에 따라 장기 발육에 미친 영향에 대한 특별한 경향은 발견하지 못하였다. 또한 간장과 신장은 혈액과 중요한 관계가 있는 장기로 녹용분말 급여가 이들 발육에 영향을 주었다는 결과는 녹용의 조혈 작용에 대한 가능성을 시사한다고 볼 수 있다. 결론적으로 녹용분말 급여가 어린쥐와 큰쥐의 성장, 사료요구율 및 장기 발육에 좋은 영향을 주었으며, 녹용 급여량에 대한 세부적 연구는 더 필요하지만 본 실험에서는 권장량을 급여하였을 때 더 바람직한 결과를 얻었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.905-912
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• 2005

낙각시기는 MPA을 투여 하였을때 엘크 및 꽃사슴에서 처리 후 평균 21일에 낙각이 되었으며, 대조구에 비하여 엘크는 평균 37일 꽃사슴은 24일 낙각시기가 빨랐다(P<0.01). MPA 투여구에서는 꽃사슴과 엘크 모두 절각 후 재생뿔이 발생되었으며, 뿔 성장기간은 두 품종 모두 대조구보다 MPA 투여구가 2배정도 길었다. 녹용 총 생산량은 엘크의 경우 대조구 및 MPA 투여구가 각각 7.31, 10.11kg 이였고, 꽃사슴은 1.00, 1.41kg으로 MPA 투여구가 유의적으로 많았다.꽃사슴과 엘크사슴의 낙각이 될때의 혈중 testosterone 농도는 4.0ng/ml 이하였으며, 사슴뿔의 성장기간 동안에도 4.0ng/ml 이하를 나타내었다. 녹용 성장기의 꽃사슴과 엘크 사슴의 혈중 IGF-Ⅰ 농도는 사슴뿔의 성장곡선과 같이 IGF-Ⅰ의 농도도 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.39-74
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• 2002

Recently, increased attention has been paid to the growth of the height of children and adolescents. To accelerate growth, velvet antlers are typically used in Oriental medicine. The present study investigated the effects of velvet antlers of velvet antlers on bone growth using the cell line of Human Osteosarcoma (Hos), derived from the bone-generating cells essential to bone growth. In order to give certain stress to this Hos, the medium contained 1% FBS was used for culturing for Hos cell instead of 10% in control. In this condition of which the proliferation had been significantly decreased, the ethanol extract of upper part of velvet antlers was added, As a result, the cells proliferation rate was significantly increased. Using Oligonucleotide DNA microarray, comparison and analyses were done to see what kind of specific genes would be differentially expressed. The result showed that as opposed to the control group, the stressed group indicated a decrease in the expressions of 6 kinds of genes such as, Id1, retinoid X receptor(RXRB) and 14-3-3 epsilon, etc. The velvet antler treated group, as opposed to the control group, showed a decreased in the expressions of 8 kinds of genes such as Id1, etc. and an increase in the expressions of 24 kinds of genes. The number of genes that showed differences in the velvet antler treated group compared with the stressed group was 7 the expression of 1 kind of gene was decreased, and the expressions of 6 kinds of genes were increased. Considering the mechanism by which velvet antlers affected the growth of osteoblast through reviewing the functions of these genes, the following results were attained. The constraint in the proliferation of Hos cells resulting from the medium contained 1% FBS seems to be caused by three important factors: 1) the decrease of the expression of 14-3-3 epsilon involved in the signal transduction and metabolism of growth, 2) the decrease of the expression of Id1 gene involved in the metabolism of bone formation, and 3) the decreased of expression of RXRB gene involved in the metabolism of retinoci acid. It is suggested that the improvement of the cell proliferating effects by velvet antler treatment, in stressed condition si mediated by increment of 6 genes particularly 14-3-3 epsilon, RXRB, and IGF2, with are the crucial factors for the cell growth and differentiation, metabolism of retinoic acid and osteoblast proliferation, respectively.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.542-551
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• 2017

The quality characteristics of velvet antlers obtained from Formosan sambar deer (Cervus unicolor Swinhoi) (SDVA), harvested from 63 to 81 d during the velvet antler growth period, were evaluated by investigating the relationships between antioxidant levels; including content, activity, and content/activity ratios, and physical properties; including shear force values, color, and Ca content. The hardness of samples from base velvet antler sections increased, and that the color of these samples tended to become reddish-yellow (redder and more yellow), suggesting that the Ca content in the base section of the sample was not ossified yet. Samples from the upper sections of velvet antler showed higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) content (3.91 to 1.50 mg/mL, 2.53 to 0.90 mg/mL, and 3.95 to 1.58 mg/mL, respectively) than did samples from the middle and base sections (p<0.05). The activity and content/activity ratios of GPX measured in the upper section were also found to be significantly greater than in the middle and base sections (p<0.05). We further observed that the content and activity of GPX was significantly and negatively correlated with Ca content, shear force values, and the content/activity ratio of this antioxidant (p<0.01). The study findings may serve as a reference index for quality evaluations of velvet antlers of Formosan sambar deer in future.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2013

Velvet deer antler (VDA) is well known oriental medicine claimed to have tonic activities as improving bone mineral density (BMD), immune-enhancing, rejuvenating and many other medicinal activities. Ossified deer antler (ODA) is bony product produced by over-calcification of deer antler due to late harvesting. The extraction efficiency of ODA by conventional boiling in water must be very poor due to bony nature, hence the reputations for the medicinal efficacies of ODA has been highly under-evaluated compared to that of VDA without any experimental evidences. Employing our new efficient water extraction process ($135^{\circ}C$), the extracts of ODA and VDA were analysed to compare the contents of bioactive components and the potencies of pharmacological activities. The results showed that; 1) The $135^{\circ}C$ extraction (autoclaving) of ODA gave highly increased amount of biomass, 120% more than the conventional extraction by 100-boiling, whereas the same treatment for VDA showed only 15% increased amount of biomass. 2) Feeding the ODA- or VDA-extracts to oophorectomized rats showed very potent BMD-recovering activity. 3) During the ossification of deer antler, the total collagen content was found to be increased by addition of type-1 to pre-existing type-2 collagen, but not replacement of type-2 to type-1 collagen. High titer of peptide hormones like growth hormone and IGF-1 were detected in the ODA- and VDA-extracts and also in the serum of ODA- or VDA-treated oophorectomized animals dose-dependently. Present experimental data will give a conclusion that folkloric poor reputations on ODA must be concerned only with poor extraction efficiency of conventional $100^{\circ}C$ water extraction and not based on the composition of bioactive substances of ODA.