• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.7 s.144
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• pp.978-986
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• 2005

The color of apparel products have a close relationship with the face skin colors of consumers. In order to extract the favorable colors which flatter to consumer's face skin colors, this study was carried our to classify the face skin colors of Korean females. The criteria that select new subjects who have the classified face skin colors have to be decided. With color spectrometer, JX-777, face skin colors of subjects were measured and classified into three clusters that had similar hue, value and chroma with Munsell Color System. Sample size was 324 Korean females and other new 10 college girls. Data were analyzed by K-means cluster analysis, ANOVA, Duncan multiple range test, Stepwise discriminant analysis using SPSS Win. 12. Findings were as follows: 1. 324 subjects who have YR colors were clustered into 3 face skin color groups. 2. Discriminant variables of face skin colors were 5 variables : b value of cheek, V value of forehead, L value of cheek, C value of forehead and H value of cheek by the standardized canonical discriminant function coefficient 1. 3. Hit ratio of type 1 was $96.8\%$, of type 2 was $94.9\%$, of type 3 was $100.0\%$ and mean of hit ratio was $96.9\%$ by canonical discriminant function of 5 variables. 4. With the unstandardized canonical discriminant function coefficient and constant, canonical discriminant function equation 1 and 2 were calculated. And cutting score and range of score of the classified types were computed. The criteria that select the new subjects were decided.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.393-400
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• 2010

This study examines the mordanting effect and multi functional properties of silk fabrics dyed with onion shell extracts that were mordanted with gallnut. The contents of this study are as follows. First, the optimum dyeing conditions were investigated by measuring the K/S value that depended the on dyeing conditions when silk fabrics were dyed with onion shell extracts. Second, the color, brightness, and chroma differences that appear after mordanting with gallnut were investigated by measuring the K/S and Munsell value. Third, the color fastness and antimicrobial activity were measured. When silk fabrics were dyed with onion shell extracts, the optimum dyeing conditions were a dyeing temperature of $70^{\circ}C$, a dyeing concentration of 160%, and a dyeing of time 30min. After mordanting with gallnut extracts, the K/S value increased remarkably and was larger in pre-mordanting than post-mordanting. The H value displayed yellow-red in all cases of pre and post mordanting. However, the H value was more reddish in the order of non-mordanting

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2000

Silk and cotton fabrics were dyed with Parmelia tinctorium that is a kind of lichen. Dyeing solution was prepared by fermentation in aqueous ammonia solution. The effects of pH and temperature in dyebath on dyeability were investigated. The maximum K/S value of each dyed fabrics was showed in 480nm. Silk fabrics showed better dyeability than cotton. Silk fabrics dyed well in acidic or neutral dyebath at $80^\circ{C}$ and cotton fabrics in neutral dyebath at $50^\circ{C}$. Both of silk and cotton fabrics showed poor dyeability in basic dyebath because of colouring anionic groups in lichen. The Munsell values of dyed silk fabrics were appeared in R(red) range, and them of cotton fabrics in YR(yellow-red) range. Light fastnesses of dyed fabrics were as poor as 2 or 2-3 grades. Also, Laundering fastnesses of dyed silk fabrics were as poor as 2 grade and those of cotton fabrics were 3 or 3-4 grades. But dry-cleaning fastnesses of all dyed fabrics were good.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.182-189
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• 2011

Dyeing properties of cow leather was investigated with Tumeric powder. The effects of dyeing conditions, mordanting conditions, color change, and color fastnesses were studied. The results were as follows. The dye uptake increased as dye concentration, dyeing temperature, and bath ratio increased. In the effect of dyeing time, the highest dye uptakes showed at 20 minutes and decreased after that point. Pre mordanting was more effective than the post mordanting, and the dye uptakes improved all mordanted fabrics. The highest K/S values showed in pre-Al sample, and the lowest K/S values showed in post-Cu one. The values of Hunter on the samples were more changeable $L^*$ and $b^*$ than $a^*$, and all samples showed Yellow color in Munsell value. But the mordanting methods and mordanting agents were not significant in the color changes. The light fastness of dyed samples showed 1 grade, the dry cleaning and abrasion fastnesses did not improved except post-Fe wet sample.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.709-719
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• 2009

Since the beginning of time people had been using color to mark territory and decorate their surroundings. Color was taken for granted today as an intrinsic part of every waking moment. In modern age, color education was very important curriculum of art and design. In general, color expressed by hue, value and chroma but used the tone on the design spot, therefore the tone concept education was very important to color education. In this study I planned the usable "Systematic Color Coordinate System 180" for general color education on hue and tone color system and manufactured the color papers, color chart and color code based on the system. "Systematic Color Coordinate System 180" was attached the Munsell notation and common color names which could reappear the colors when needed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1976

The purpose of this study was to the observe effects of the various bleaching agents on blood clot. Absorbent papers(N9.5) were coated with O type blood and were dried in shadow for 72 hours. Bleaching agents used were 5% NaOCl 30% $H_2O_2$, saturated solutions of $NaBO_3$ $4H_2O$, $Ca(OCl)_2$ and $Na_2O_2$ at $20^{\circ}C$. After the specimens, blood cloted papers were dipped in 10CC of solution for 1 minute, 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 2 hours and 24 hours, specimens were washed with distilled water and dried. Hue Value/Chroma contrived by Munsell was measured in each specimen. The following results were obtained. 1. Superoxol changes 2.5YR 4.5/2 into N9.5 (white) after 24 hours. 2. All bleaching agents except superoxol change YR into Y.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.79-90
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• 2004

In this study we tried to find the skin color of Koreans according to the change of seasons, and to the degree of make-up used by men and women. in order to furnish foundation data that could be used in the cosmetics and clothes industries. The skin color was measured with Minolta's Chrome Meter CR-200 in seven parts of the body with Munsell's hue, value, chroma. The difference in skin color in men and women's groups, and the difference in skin color of each group in March and in September were treated with SPSS's Anova and t-test. 1. In both seasons. March and September, a big difference could be observed between the two groups (men and women's). The body was more yellowish than the face. The men's group had a reddish skin color than the women's groups. In all groups we could observe a big difference in color between seasons, and in March, the skin was more reddish whereas in September, it became more yellowish. 2. As for the value, both in March and in September, the hairline was darkest, and the lightest areas were the jaw and the inner arm which showed a similar value. The group of women who put on make-up had the highest value, whereas the men's group showed the lowest result in value. We suppose it to be due to the fact that Putting on make-up prevented the melanin pigmentation by blocking the UV rays. 3. We could observe the highest value in chrome in the chin area both in March and in September, and there was no significant change. There was a difference in men and women's groups, but not a significant one within the women's groups.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.45-56
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• 2013

This study researches functional arrangements for colors of work clothes - concentrating on the arrangements of lightness - for safety protection of workers at the job sites in the mechanical industry. To conduct such study, blue color (5PB) is selected for the CAD simulations on six arrangements of brightness based on two colors. The brightness ranges are of 5PB color (between 3~7.5) which are measurable by Munsell Conversion, and arrangements on lightness consisting of one arrangement of high lightness-gap, two of medium lightness-gap, and three of low lightness-gap. To analyze the data of color values after applying arrangements of lightness and to evaluate the levels of awareness regarding arrangements, the NCS colorimetric is being applied. Color palettes are based on the NCS notations, and then marked with color triangles. After evaluation, the visibility proves to be high when the arrangements contain high lightness at the top and bottom, and the arrangements with higher lightness-gap show higher effects in safety. Since this study tends to check factors of lightness, the other color factors were limited. Therefore, in order to apply these results at the job sites, integrated applications of such results will be very useful for developing safe working clothes in the future.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.2 s.55
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• pp.248-254
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• 2005

In this study, wool fabric specimens were pre-mordanted using Sn, Al, Cu, Cr, and Fe, and subsequently dyed using cochineal, maintaining the pH of the dye bath constant using pH buffer solutions of 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. In the case of wool fabric specimen, regardless of the type of mordanting agents, peak dye-uptake amount was obtained at the acidic region, pH 4, and above pH 6, the dye-uptake amount decreased remarkably. Differing from the cotton fabric case, the dyed wool fabric specimen exhibited red shade even in the case of non-mordanting, at the region of pH values of 4 and 5. It is presumed that in the acidic dye bath the effect of cationic amine group present in the structure of wool fiber molecules took place. The amount of color difference, among the mordanting agents, due to the increase of pH value, was highest for the Fe mordanting case. It seems, therefore, that the Fe mordanting is affected most by the pH value.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-64
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• 1986

This study was carried out to identify Hue, Value and Chroma (H, V/C) of silk fabric dyed with several kinds of Vegetable Dyes according to Munsell renotation system and to disclose the colour fastness of dyed silk fabric against washing and light. The Hue of dyed silk fabric which was in colour of yellow or yellow red, was differentially altered by kinds of Vegetable Dyes, the Value and Chroma (V/C) of that was uniformally lowered by treatments of mordants after dyeing. The Colour fastness to washing and light of dyed silk fabric was improved by mordanting with coppor sulfate or ferrous sulfate, as compared with unmordanting.