• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop basic data for the design of the housing space for unit that factors in the sentiment of the residents by using aesthetic elements and expression method to search for the ways to design housing space for differentiated unit. The results are as follows: First, aesthetic elements in the aesthetic element in the unit housing space for unit can be classified into basic elements and detailed elements. Second, it is possible to classify into distortion, mixing, superposition and juxtaposition methods. Third, use of the 'material' for 'wall' is recommended when designing differentiated housing space by using basic elements. At this time, expression using the method of 'mixing' is effective for inducing differentiation. In particular, elements that can perceive the difference in time are mixed, to add on slight differentiation. Fourth, 'illumination' and 'material' are used when designing differentiated housing space by using detailed elements. Fifth, preference degree of the expression method is manifested differently depending on the selected elements. Lastly, this study conducted a study on the preference level of the aesthetic elements and expression method targeting the experts alone to differentiate the design of the residential space for unit.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.248-252
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• 2006

This study is intended to understand the intrinsic attributes of the view from the apartment unit in consideration of the diverse and complex elements of the view. To this end, the Questionnaire survey was conducted to identify the tendency in the recognition by apartment dwellers. The Questionnaire survey was conducted for the apartment residents to identify their interest in and the general trend in their recognition of the view from the living rooms of their housing unit, where Questionnaire items regarding landscape elements, the distances to and location of the landscape elements, and floor locations were compiled on the basis of the results from the field survey in the previous study. Consequently, the following results have been derived. 1) Apartment residents recognize not only natural landscape elements but also artificial elements, and prefer natural elements to artificial ones. 2) It is also indicated that they recognize the distances to and locations of landscape elements and that the satisfaction for the distance and location varies depending on the type of the landscape elements. 3) Furthermore, the floor of each unit is shown to result in certain differences in the recognized landscape elements. The cross-analysis between the floor and satisfaction indicates that the higher the floor, the more satisfied the residents are with the view.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1257-1268
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• 2018

In this article we first investigate a sort of unit-IFP ring by which Antoine provides very useful information to ring theory in relation with the structure of coefficients of zero-dividing polynomials. Here we are concerned with the whole shape of units and nilpotent elements in such rings. Next we study the properties of unit-IFP rings through group actions of units on nonzero nilpotent elements. We prove that if R is a unit-IFP ring such that there are finite number of orbits under the left (resp., right) action of units on nonzero nilpotent elements, then R satisfies the descending chain condition for nil left (resp., right) ideals of R and the upper nilradical of R is nilpotent.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 2019

Let R be an associative ring with identity, M a t.u.p. monoid with only one unit and ${\omega}:M{\rightarrow}End(R)$ a monoid homomorphism. Let R be a reversible, M-compatible ring and ${\alpha}=a_1g_1+{\cdots}+a_ng_n$ a non-zero element in skew monoid ring $R{\ast}M$. It is proved that if there exists a non-zero element ${\beta}=b_1h_1+{\cdots}+b_mh_m$ in $R{\ast}M$ with ${\alpha}{\beta}=c$ is a constant, then there exist $1{\leq}i_0{\leq}n$, $1{\leq}j_0{\leq}m$ such that $g_{i_0}=e=h_{j_0}$ and $a_{i_0}b_{j_0}=c$ and there exist elements a, $0{\neq}r$ in R with ${\alpha}r=ca$. As a consequence, it is proved that ${\alpha}{\in}R*M$ is unit if and only if there exists $1{\leq}i_0{\leq}n$ such that $g_{i_0}=e$, $a_{i_0}$ is unit and aj is nilpotent for each $j{\neq}i_0$, where R is a reversible or right duo ring. Furthermore, we determine the relation between clean and nil clean elements of R and those elements in skew monoid ring $R{\ast}M$, where R is a reversible or right duo ring.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.11-20
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to suggest environment-friendly assessment elements for the apartment unit plan. For this, the organizing environments of a unit are classified through literature review. Those were five categories of environment: environment of solar system, light, water, green and indoor air Quality. Then, the assessment elements for each categorized environment to evaluate the environment-friendly performance were grasped definitely by examining the applicability of architectural methods or equipment technology. It is expected to suggest not only an assessment tool for evaluation but also a checklist for design in order to develope environment-friendly apartment unit plans.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.16 no.3 s.62
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• pp.66-75
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• 2007

In this study, by comparing the development and the space types of local and foreign flexible apartments, basic data will be derived for the development of various flexible types of apartments in Korea. A total of 60 unit plans, including 30 domestic cases and 30 overseas cases of flexible apartments, are analyzed for this study. In terms of the unit plan types, Korean apartments usually had a wide front bay with shallow depth, placing more rooms on the front bay; whereas foreign apartments tend to have various unit plan types: (1) a narrow front bay with deep depth, (2) a wide front bay with shallow depth, and (3) variegated open-plan types. Many apartments in foreign countries had a double-layered structure with the. upstairs and downstairs areas. In terms of the flexible types, many Korean apartments achieved interior flexibility using non-bearing wall or sliding doors; whereas foreign apartments had a flexible space by separating the support elements and the infill elements. There was found to be a close relationship between the location of support elements and the variability of unit plans. Support elements can be placed largely into three locations: (1) Between the front side bay and the rear side bay, (2) in the center bay of a unit plan, and (3) others. Depending on the location of support elements, various types of flexible unit plans can be created. Through a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign apartments, basic data that can be used for developing various flexible unit plans was derived.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1389-1396
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• 2018

We observe the structure of a kind of unit-IFP ring that is constructed by Antoine, in relation with units and nilpotent elements. This article concerns the same argument in a more general situation, and study the structure of one-sided zero divisors in such rings. We also provide another kind of unit-IFP ring.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.183-195
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• 2019

Let R be a commutative ring with unity. In this paper, we characterize the unit elements, the regular elements, the ${\pi}$-regular elements and the clean elements of zero-symmetric near-ring of polynomials $R_0[x]$, when $nil(R)^2=0$. Moreover, it is shown that the set of ${\pi}$-regular elements of $R_0[x]$ forms a semigroup. These results are somewhat surprising since, in contrast to the polynomial ring case, the near-ring of polynomials has substitution for its "multiplication" operation.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.91-112
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the elements of activating happiness education suggested by Noddings is reflected in the Home Economics part of Middle School Technology-Home Economics Textbook Volume 2 of 2009 Curriculum Revision. The introduction style of unit, sub-unit, and small chapter, the objectives, the body contents, the activity resources, the tables/diagrams/pictures, the supplementry and advancedl materials, and the wrap-up and evaluation of sub-unit and units of Home Economics part of Technology Home Economics textbook volume 2 were analyzed. Noddings suggested the elements for activating happiness education in five areas of personal life sector including 'home making', 'place and nature', 'parenting', 'chracter and spiriual experiences', and 'growth of interpersonal relationships' and two areas of public one including 'preperation for work' and 'community, democracy and voluntary activities'. The specific elements in seven sectors of activating happiness education were extracted using the content analysis. How the elements of those suggested by Noddings were reflected in the various parts of the textbook were analyzed in terms of the closeness of approaches, contents, and procedures between Noddings's and textbook. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. The degree to which the elements of activating happiness education were reflected in the textbook differed by each unit. The elements of activating happiness education were reflected the most frequently in the unit of 'Unit of Practice of Eco-friendly Family Life' and the least frequently in the unit of 'Unit of Career and Life Planning'. 2. The Home Economics units of Technology Home Economics textbooks 1&2 reflects the factors of personal life and public life that Noddings suggested for activating happiness. However, personal life-related factors are relatively more reflected in the units than the public life-related factors. 3. Although the elements of activating happiness education were generally reflected in all the elements of a textbook, these elements were relatively more reflected in the Unit Introduction, Sub-unit Introduction, Chapter and Introduction, Objectives, body contents and tables/diagrams/pictures.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.215-225
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• 1999

To study the vertical variations of major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements(REEs) contents in deep-sea sediments, six cores from Korea Deep-sea Environmental Study area(KODES) were analyzed. Topmost sediment layers of KODES area are divided into two Units; brown-colored and peneliquid Unit I and pale brown-colored and relatively solidified Unit II. Contents of major elements, REEs, Cu, Sr and Rb in each Unit are almost same, while contents of Mn, Ni and Co in Unit I are two or three times higher than those in Unit II. R-mode factor analysis represents that surface sediments are composed of alumino-silicate phase (AI-Ti-K-Mg-Fe-Rb-Ce), apatite phase (Ca-P-Cu-Sr-Trivalent Rare Earth Elements) and Mn-oxide phase(Mn-Ni-Co). Factor scores in silicate and apatite phases in each Unit are nearly same, whereas those in Mn-oxide phase in Unit I is higher than those in Unit II. While NilCu ratio in Unit I is two times higher than that in Unit II. We interprete the geochemical fractionation of Ni and Cu as a result that Ni can be remobilized in oxygen-depleted micro-environment in Units I and II and then easily reprecipitated in Unit I, while most of Cu supplied together with organic material is decomposed mostly in Unit I and sorbed into apatite.