• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.158-165
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• 2012

Purpose: Recent interest has focused on intentional replantation to restore an original tooth. Some studies have shown successful results with intentional replantation for periodontally involved teeth. For long-term success of replantation, a healthy periodontal status of the recipient site is required so that delayed replantation is more suitable for periodontally involved teeth. To reveal the ideal timing for delayed replantation of periodontally involved teeth, the healing process of extraction sockets after extraction of periodontitis-induced teeth in rats was evaluated. Methods: Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (n=8) and test group (n=20). In the test group, periodontitis was induced by a ligature around the cervix of the mandibular first molar of all of the rats. Two weeks later, the mandibular first molars were extracted in all of the animals. The animals were sacrificed on days 0, 3, 7, and 10 after extraction and histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Results: In histological analysis of the test group, inflammatory cell infiltrate was found abundantly in the remaining periodontium 3 days after tooth extraction and decreased gradually at later time points. In immunohistochemical analysis of the test group, both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) were numerous in the furcation area at each postextraction day. IL-6 was stained more heavily between 3 and 7 days after extraction; at day 10 after extraction, little staining was observed. TNF-${\alpha}$ staining was more intense at 3 days after extraction and gradually weakened at later points in time. Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, it takes at least 10 days to resolve periodontal inflammation in rat extraction sockets.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2012

Objective : This study was performed to estimate the effects of OMC-2010 extract on cytokine production in mouse spleen cells. Methods : Mouse spleen cells were pre-treated with ethanol and water extract of OMC-2010 for 1 h, then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 ${\mu}g/ml$) for 48 h. Then the cells were harvested for real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect cytokines. Results : OMC-2010 ethanol extract significantly inhibited the LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-5 mRNA expressions, but not shown such changes in IL-6, IL-4, IL-13. OMC-2010 water extract significantly inhibited the LPS-induced TNF-alpha, and IL-5 mRNA expressions, but not shown such changes in IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-4, IL-13. Conclusions : Theses results could suggest that both ethanol and water OMC-2010 extract could inhibit the TNF-alpha and IL-5 mRNA expression.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.569-577
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• 2013

간장은 한국의 전통 발효식품으로써 최근 항암 효과, 항균작용, 항산화능, 항혈전 효과 등의 효능이 보고되고 있다. 한국의 간장은 콩과 밀을 주요 원료로 사용한다. 콩의 세포벽으로부터 유래되는 다당류는 효소적 가수분해에 저항성이 있으므로, 발효가 끝난 후에도 간장에 잔존하게 되며 이것을 간장 유래 다당류(Kanjang polysaccharides, KPS)라 부른다. 본 연구에서는 산분해법과 양조법으로 제조된 시판 간장인 A~T의 20종의 투석물로부터 다당류를 제조하고, 비만세포에서 염증성 cytokine의 방출과 mRNA의 발현에 대한 KPS의 효과를 실험함으로써 항염증 효과를 조사하였다. RBL-2H3 세포에서 KPS의 처리는 histamine과 ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase의 방출을 현저히 억제시켰다. 자극된 HMC-1 세포에서 KPS의 처리는 염증성 cytokine인 IL-6, IL-8, TNF-${\alpha}$의 방출 및 mRNA의 발현을 감소시켰다. 특히, 양조간장으로부터 유래된 KPS는 산분해 간장보다 비만세포에서 우수한 항염증 효과를 나타내었다. 따라서, KPS는 알레르기성 염증반응을 억제시키는데 효과적일 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 실험동물에 민들레 열수추출물 식이를 급여한 후, GalN으로 간손상을 유발함으로써 그 예방효과를 혈액중의 생화학적 변화 및 간조직의 효소적인 변동을 통해서 규명하고자 하였다. GalN의 투여로 현저히 증가하였던 AST, ALT의 활성은 민들레 열수추출물 투여로 억제되었으나 군간의 차이는 보이지 않았고 ALP의 활성과 TBARS 함량은 3%의 추출물을 급여한 군에서 유의적인 감소를 보였다. GalN의 투여로 현격하게 높아졌던 혈중 $TNF-{\alpha}$의 농도 또한 감소하는 경향을 확인하였으나 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. GalN의 투여로 억제되었던 catalase, GSH-reductase, Mn-SOD의 활성은 민들레 추출물 투여로 유의적인 회복이 관찰되었으나 GSH-px의 활성은 그 경향만을 확인할 수 있었다. 조직 검경을 통해 민들레 열수추출물의 간염 예방효과를 확인한 결과 GalN으로 인해 유발된 광범위한 간세포의 괴사와 변성, 지방변성 등이 민들레 열수추출물식이로 다소 감소하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로 민들레 열수추출물은 AST, ALT와 ALP의 활성 및 산화적 스트레스를 감소시키고 활성산소 해독계에 관여하는 효소의 활성을 증가시킴으로써 GalN으로 인한 간 손상을 예방하는 것으로 사료된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2015

Onion (Allium cepa) is one of the flavonoids-rich materials in human diet and onion peel, which is the onion by-products, contains over 20 times more quercetin than the flesh. In this study, to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of onion peel hot water extract (OPHWE), the cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interluekin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and IL-$1{\beta}$, were measured using the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cells. The Balb/c mice were used for an in vivo acute toxicity test and ICR mice were used for measurement of inhibition effects of croton oil-induced mouse ear edema. As a result, NO levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The production of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ was suppressed by 38%, 41%, and 34% respectively, compared with that of the LPS only group, without any cytotoxicity. The edema formation in the ICR mouse ear was also reduced compared to that in control. Moreover, there were no mortalities occurred in mice administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight of OPHWE. These results suggest that OPHWE has considerable anti-inflammatory activities and can be regarded as a potent candidate material to treat inflammatory diseases.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.981-987
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• 2014

회향(Foeniculum vulgare) 열매의 메탄올 추출물과 분획물(hexane, methylene chloride, ethylacetate, n-butanol)을 cell culture model system을 이용하여 항염증 활성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해, LPS처리로 염증이 유도된 RAW 264.7 macrophage에서 시료가 세포독성을 나타나지 않는 $100{\mu}g/ml$의 농도를 처리한 후 염증매개물질인 NO, PGE2, 염증성 사이토카인($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 및 TNF-${\alpha}$) 생성 및 mRNA 발현을 측정하였다. 그 결과 hexane, methylene chloride 및 ethylacetate 분획물은 대조군에 비해 NO, PGE2 생성을 억제하였으며, 이는 iNOS, COX-2 mRNA 발현 저해에서 기인함을 확인하였다. Methylene chloride와 ethylacetate 분획물은 $100{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 생성 및 mRNA 발현을 효과적으로 억제하였으며, 특히 ethyl acetate 분획물은 TNF-${\alpha}$ 의 생성과 mRNA발현을 유의적으로 저해하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 회향 및 회향 분획물의 항염증 활성을 확인하였으며, 이는 염증 매개물질인 NO, PGE2 그리고 염증성 사이토카인 mRNA 활성 및 분비 억제에 의한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2007

The principal objective of this study was to compare the effects of whole and hydrolyzed cells (bifidobacteria) treated with gastrointestinal digestive enzymes on the activation of cloned macrophages. Seven different strains of Bifidobacterium obtained from swine, chickens, and rats, were digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin and the precipitate (insoluble fraction) and supernatant (soluble fraction) obtained via centrifugation. The RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were incubated with either whole cells, the precipitate, or supernatant at various concentrations. Pronounced increases in the levels of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ were observed in the whole cells and precipitates, but these effects were less profound in the supernatants. The precipitates also evidenced a slight, but significant, inductive activity for NO and all tested cytokines, with the exception of $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ in the macrophage model as compared with the whole cells. By way of contrast, $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ production when cultured with whole cells (100 ng/ml) resulted in marked increases as compared with what was observed with the precipitates. The results of this study indicated, for the first time, that digested Bifidobacterium sp. can induce the production of NO and several cytokines in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. In the current study, it was demonstrated that Bifidobacterium strains treated with digestive enzymes, as compared with whole cells, are capable of stimulating the induction of macrophage mediators, which reflects that they may be able to modulate the gastrointestinal immune functions of the host.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.81-93
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• 2005

Purpose : There are various oriental medicine therapy of treating Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) in clinics. We made the PID mice model by injection Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vagina, and investigate anti-inflammatory effects of Hongdeung-Tang among oral medication, retention enema therapy and herbal-acupuncture treatment. Method : The ICR(20-30g) mice(♀) were used. To examine the occurrence of inflammation, LPS in different concentration was injected into the vagina of the mice, and White Blood Cell(WBC) in blood was counted. To examine anti-inflammatory effects, 6 mice were assigned to each of the normal group, the control group and the sample group. Hongdeung-Tang was medicated in oral and rectal with 1.0g/kg low dose and 3.0g/kg high dose and by herbal acupucture for 5 days, 2 days before LPS injection. After 3days from LPS injection, blood was collected from retro-orbital plexus, and WBC, Interleukin-6(IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) in the blood was counted. Result : After LPS injection with each dose, WBC count showed significant increase depending on LPS concentration from $100{\mu}g/kg$, and it was maximized at 3 or 4 days after LPS injection. the Hongdeung-Tang treatment groups, The number of WBC was decreased significantly only in low dose and high dose oral medication, and IL-6 concentration showed significant decrease in oral and rectal medication as well as in herbal acupuncture treatment. TNF-${\alpha}$ concentration was decreased significantly in oral and rectal medication of low dose and high dose. herbal-acupuncture treatment group datas showed reductive tendency. Conclusion : Based on above results, we made the PID mice model by injection LPS in vagina, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect of Hongdeung-Tang of oral medication, retention enema therapy and herbal-acupuncture treatment.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2010

Root extract of Lythrum salicaria reported a hepato-protective effect on $CCl_4$-induced liver toxicity of rat was prepared into fractions such as n-hexane up layer (HA), n-hexane down layer (HB), diethyl ether (E), ethylacetate (EA), n-butanol (B) and water (W). Fractions prepared were tested their activities in vitro and in vivo condition. All of the fractions showed effective antioxidant asctivities on DPPH radical and $CuSO_4$-induced oxidation of human low density lipoprotein and E fraction showed the highest inhibitory effect (98.1% at $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) on linoleic acid autoxidation at $40^{\circ}C$, which was more effective than $\alpha$-tocopherol (82.4%). Five fractions (H = HA plus HB, E, EA, B, and W, 150 mg/kg/day) were fed into Sprague Dawley, male rats for 4 days, which were intoxicated with intra-peritoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride ($1\;m{\ell}/kg$ in corn oil) at the 4th day and were sacrificed in 24 hrs. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$), a proinflammatory cytokine, elevated with $CCl_4$-intoxication in negative control group ($83\;pg/m{\ell}$) was significantly decreased in E fraction-supplemented group ($18\;pg/m{\ell}$). Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in negative control group (0.12 U/mg protein) was decreased in E fraction (0.07 U/mg protein). From the results, it is suggested that ether fraction from root extract of L. salicaria would be a potent antioxidant candidate for ameliorating liver injury induced by chemical intoxicant.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2006

To investigate whether GyeongshinhaeGihwan 1(GGT1), an anti-obesity herbal medicine widely used in oriental medicine, regulates the expression of obesity-related genes, we measured the changes in mRNA levels of these genes by GGT1 in human growth hormone transgenic (hGHTg) obese male rats, and these effects by GGT1 were compared with those of reductil (RD), an anti-obesity drug approved by FDA. Rats received once daily oral administrations of autoclaved water, RD, or GGT1 for 8 weeks. At the end of study, rats were sacrificed and tissues were harvested. Total RNA from adipose tissue, liver and kidney was prepared and the mRNA levels for LPL (lipoprotein lipase), PPAR $\gamma$ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma), PPAR$\delta$ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-delta), leptin, TNF$\alpha$ (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and internal standard G3PDH (glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase) were analyzed by RT-PCR. PPAR$\gamma$ mRNA levels of liver and kidney were decreased in drug-treated groups compared with control group and the decrease of PPAR$\gamma$ expression was more prominent in GGT1 group than in RD group, suggesting that GGT1 is effective in the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipid storage by decreasing the PPAR$\gamma$ expression. In contrast, PPAR$\delta$ mRNA levels of adipose tissue and kidney were increased by RD and GGT1 , and the magnitudes of increase were higher in GGT1 group than in RD group, indicating that GGT1 stimulates fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism by activating PPAR$\delta$ expression, Compared with control and RD groups, GGT1 group had higher concentrations of serum leptin, a well-known inhibitor of appetite. However, The mRNA levels of leptin, LPL, and TNF$\alpha$ were not changed by GGT1 and RD, compared with DW. These results demonstrate that GGT1 not only decreases PPAR$\gamma$ expression of liver and kidney, but also increases PPAR$\delta$ expression of adipose tissue and kidney, leading to the regulation of obesity and that these effects were more pronounced in GGT1 group compared with RD group. In addition, GGT1 seems to prevent obesity by increasing the serum leptin levels.