Green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a potent antioxidant with protective effects against neurotoxicity. However, it is currently unclear whether EGCG protects neuronal cells against radiation-induced damage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of EGCG on ultraviolet (UV)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells. The effects of UV irradiation included apoptotic cell death, which was associated with DNA fragmentation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhanced caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. UV irradiation also increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and mitochondrial pathway-associated cytochrome c expression. However, pretreatment with EGCG before UV exposure markedly decreased UV-induced DNA fragmentation and ROS production. Furthermore, the UV irradiation-induced increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c upregulation, and caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation were each ameliorated by EGCG pretreatment. Additionally, EGCG suppressed UV-induced phosphorylation of p38 and rescued UV-downregulated phosphorylation of ERK. Taken together, these results suggest that EGCG prevents UV irradiation-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by scavenging ROS and inhibiting the mitochondrial pathways known to play a crucial role in apoptosis. In addition, EGCG inhibits UV-induced apoptosis via JNK inactivation and ERK activation in PC12 cells. Thus, EGCG represents a potential neuroprotective agent that could be applied to prevent neuronal cell death induced by UV irradiation.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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v.35
no.6
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pp.267-273
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2021
Mibyeong (sub-health) is a concept that represents the sub-health in traditional East Asian medicine. Assuming that the nose sizes and shapes are related to respiratory function, in this study, we hypothesized that the nose size and shape features are related to the self-rated health (SRH) level and self-rated Mibyeong severity, and aimed to assess this relationship using a fully automated image analysis system. The nose size features were evaluated from the frontal and profile face images of 810 participants. The nose size features consisted of five length features, one area feature, and one volume feature. The level of SRH and the Mibyeong severity were determined using a questionnaire. The normalized nasal height was negatively associated with the self-rated health score (SRHS) (partial ρ = -0.125, p = 3.53E-04) and the Mibyeong score (MBS) (partial ρ = -.172, p = 9.38E-07), even after adjustment for sex, age, and body mass index. The normalized nasal volume (ρ = -.105, p = 0.003), the normalized nasal tip protrusion length (ρ = -.087, p = 0.014), and the normalized nares width (ρ = -.086, p = .015) showed significant correlation with the SRHS. The normalized nasal area (ρ = -.118, p = 0.001), the normalized nasal volume (ρ = -.107, p = .002) showed significant correlation with the MBS. The wider, longer, and larger the nose, the lower the SRHS and MBS, indicating that health status can be estimated based on the size and shape features of the nose.
Kim, Myoung-Jin;Choi, Hye-Min;Nam, Won-Hee;Kim, Se-Jin;Son, Su-Mi;Kim, Jung-Ok
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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v.35
no.6
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pp.235-241
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2021
Sogunjung-tang (SGJT) is traditional herbal prescriptions used to treat abdominal pain. In this study, we evaluated the effect on inflammation and gastritis through SGJT formulation development. SGJT composition herbal medicine was boiled in water at 95~100℃ for 3 hours and then concentrated. Sogunjung-tang mix soft extract (STM) was prepared using pharmaceutical excipients such as purified water, sodium benzoate, β-cyclodextrin and CMC-Na. Anti-inflammatory experiment was conducted using STM and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells. Cell survival was measured by MTT method. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured using griess reagents, and pro inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and RT-PCR. Also, we verified STM validity in acute gastritis using the ICR mouse. STM was administered oral for three days. And 150 mM HCl in 60% ethanol was oral administered 0.5 mL one hour after the last drug administration. Mice were sacrificed 1 hour after 150 mM HCl in 60% ethanol administration. The gastric mucosa was visually observed. STM were not toxic in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of STM inhibited the production of NO and inflammatory cytokine at the protein and mRNA levels. Also, in the acute gastritis model with the mouse, the treatment of STM improved gastric mucosal bleeding and edema. In summary, it was confirmed that the treatment of STM exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-gastritis effects. Therefore, we suggest that STM may provide a preclinical evidence for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and gastritis diseases.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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v.35
no.3
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pp.87-96
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2021
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of single herbal medicines and Korean herbal medicine complex prescriptions for osteoporosis in Korea. We targeted studies published in domestic journals from January 1, 2013 to April 1, 2021. For domestic databases, RISS, NDSL, OASIS, DBpia, KISS, KISTI, and Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal were used. Words such as "osteoporosis", "herbal medicine", "herbal combination prescription" and "herbal" were combined and searched. A total of 32 studies were selected. Among them, 8 studies were conducted exclusively for animal studies, 18 studies were conducted on cell experiments, and 6 studies were conducted on both animal and cell experiments. There were 18 studies using a single herb and 14 studies using a combination of Herbal medicine. As a result of the investigation of a single herb, it was found that 補陽藥 was most widely used, and it was found that it was mainly used in the herbal combination prescription, mainly for 補陽藥, 補氣藥, and 補陰藥. Studies in animal experiments revealed significant results mainly in bone mineral density, serological indicators, and morphological indicators of bone tissue. In the study of cell experiments, the effects were found in factors related to the differentiation of osteoclasts and inhibitors of inflammation. Through the results of this study, we are able to confirm the effective single herbal medicines and herbal medicine complex prescriptions for the treatment of osteoporosis, and it is expected that they will contribute to clinical treatment.
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is the most serious soil-borne disease in the world and has become the main limiting factor of watermelon production. Reliable and quick detection and quantification of Fon are essential in the early stages of infection for control of watermelon Fusarium wilt. Traditional detection and identification tests are laborious and cannot efficiently quantify Fon isolates. In this work, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been described to accurately identify and quantify Fon in watermelon plants and soil. The FONRT-18 specific primer set which was designed based on identified specific sequence amplified a specific 172 bp band from Fon and no amplification from the other formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum tested. The detection limits with primers were 1.26 pg/µl genomic DNA of Fon, 0.2 pg/ng total plant DNA in inoculated plant, and 50 conidia/g soil. The PCR assay could also evaluate the relationships between the disease index and Fon DNA quantity in watermelon plants and soil. The assay was further used to estimate the Fon content in soil after disinfection with CaCN2. The real-time PCR method is rapid, accurate and reliable for monitoring and quantification analysis of Fon in watermelon plants and soil. It can be applied to the study of disease diagnosis, plant-pathogen interactions, and effective management.
In the past, rice bakanae was considered an endemic disease that did not cause significant losses in Korea; however, the disease has recently become a serious threat due to climate change, changes in farming practices, and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains. Since the bakanae outbreak in 2006, its incidence has gradually decreased due to the application of effective control measures such as hot water immersion methods and seed disinfectants. However, in 2013, a marked increase in bakanae incidence was observed, causing problems for rice farmers. Therefore, in this review, we present the potential risks from climate change based on an epidemiological understanding of the pathogen, host plant, and environment, which are the key elements influencing the incidence of bakanae. In addition, disease management options to reduce the disease pressure of bakanae below the economic threshold level are investigated, with a specific focus on resistant varieties, as well as chemical, biological, cultural, and physical control methods. Lastly, as more effective countermeasures to bakanae, we propose an integrated disease management option that combines different control methods, including advanced imaging technologies such as remote sensing. In this review, we revisit and examine bakanae, a traditional seed-borne fungal disease that has not gained considerable attention in the agricultural history of Korea. Based on the understanding of the present significance and anticipated risks of the disease, the findings of this study are expected to provide useful information for the establishment of an effective response strategy to bakanae in the era of climate change.
Objective : We examined the literature of <Life Nurturing Method and Conduction Exercise(養生方導引法)> of 《Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Food Stagnation and Indigestion(宿食不消病諸候)》 in 『Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases(諸病源候論)』 and actually implement its movement to present conduction exercise based on the principle of Korean medicine treatment. Method : We used web services for traditional Eastern Asian medical classics and some literature on 『Treatise on the Pathogenesis and Manifestations of All Diseases(諸病源候論)』 and its <Life Nurturing Method and Conduction Exercise(養生方導引法)〉. The original text was interpreted and the movements of <Life Nurturing Method and Conduction Exercise> were implemented according to the literature. A qi-gong(氣功) expert demonstrated the movements and we took pictures. Results : <Life Nurturing Method and Conduction Exercise(養生方導引法)> was written in the symptom of Food Stagnation and Indigestion(宿食不消候) and the symptom of food damage and excessive eating(食傷飽候) among the chapters of 《Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Food Stagnation and Indigestion(宿食不消病諸候)》. With respect to the movements and breathing, stretching your back allows qi(氣) energy to enter the lower cinnabar field(下丹田) immediately, and when the lower stomach is full of qi it can be transported upper body, leading to better communication of qi around the body. Conclusion : The practical implementation of the movements and postures will contribute to understanding the characteristics, pathology, and contents of diseases related to indigestion, and furthermore it can be widely used clinically for prevention and treatment of digestive disorders.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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v.36
no.6
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pp.213-220
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2022
We investigated the current status of research using extracorporeal shock waves on the basis of meridian and acupoint theory. By March 2022, five foreign databases (CAJ, Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) and six Korean databases (Dbpia, RISS, KMBASE, scienceON, KISS, NDSL) were searched with the terms using 'Extracorporeal shock wave' and '(Acupoint or Acupuncture point)'. The search terms were adapted according to the language of the database. There were no restrictions on the study design. As a result of the search, twenty-seven papers were selected for analysis. One study was searched in English database, and the remaining twenty-six studies were searched in Chinese database. There were nineteen pain-related diseases, four obsterics and gynecology diseases, two bone-related diseases, and two other diseases. The most frequently used acupoints were GB34, ST36, and KI3. A total of six adverse events were reported in five papers. The use of extracorporeal shock wave on the basis of meridian and acupoint theory is considered to have sufficient meaning in Korean Medicine. It is expected to use extracorporeal shock wave as a new treatment method for Korean Medicine doctors in the near future.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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v.37
no.2
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pp.36-44
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2023
Essential oils and aromatherapy have traditionally been used for the treatment of anxiety and depression with few side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of essential oils from six herbal prescriptions known to be effective in treating anxiety and depression in Korean medicine. The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of six essential oils, including Gamisachil-tang (GMSCT), Guibi-tang (GBT), Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang (SYM), Danchisoyosan (DCSYS), Sihosogansan (SHSGS), and Soyosan (SYS), were examined in PC12 and BV2 cells. In corticosterone (CORT)-stimulated PC12 cells, all six essential oils ameliorated the CORT-induced decrease in cell viability at a concentration of 10 ㎍/ml. GMSCT, GBT, and SHSGS recovered CORT-induced cytotoxicity at concentrations of 1 ㎍/ml and 10 ㎍/ml. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 cells, GBT (10 ㎍/ml) decreased interleukin (IL)-1β production, whereas SHSGS (1 ㎍/ml) inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production. In the MK-801-induced anxiety in zebrafish, electroencephalogram (EEG) assessment indicated that GMSCT and SHSGS induced recovery in the delta and beta power densities and reduced theta/beta and delta/beta ratios. DCSYS and SYS decreased theta power density and theta/beta ratio, whereas GBT and SYM showed no effects on EEG signals. In the tail suspension test (TST) in mice, GBT, DCSYS, SHSGS, and SYS exhibited antidepressant-like effects by decreasing immobility time. These results suggest that the essential oils from the six herbal prescriptions, except SYM, may have beneficial effects on anxiety and/or depression. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the molecular signaling pathways that mediate the effects of these essential oils on anxiety and depression.
Objectives : Sojadodamgangki-tang and its main components are traditional korean medicinal methods for treatment of cough, sputum and dyspnea. Using a respiratory inflammatory model, we intend to reveal the anti-inflammatory effect and its immune mechanism of Sojadodamgangki-tang. Methods : We used a papain-induced respiratory inflammatory mouse model. 8-week-old female BALB/C mice were divided into 3 groups as follows: the following groups: saline control group, papain treated group (vehicle), papain and Sojadodamgangki-tang(200 mg/kg) treated group (n=4). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts, inflammatory cell infiltration was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and nasal lavage fluid (NALF). In addition, the effects of Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts on Th2 cell population in lung were determined by using flow cytometry. Results : Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts administration reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in BALF and NALF, especially of eosinophils. Furthermore, total immunogloblin (Ig)-E levels was reduced in BALF and serum by drug administration. Interestingly, Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts treatment also decreased the Th2 cell (CD4+GATA3+) population in lung. Conclusions : Our findings indicate Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts have anti-inflammatory effects by mediating Th2 cell and B cell activation.
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