• 박물관보존과학
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• 제29권
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• pp.65-80
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• 2023

본 연구는 통일신라 하대 전돌 유약의 재료학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 포항 법광사지 출토 납유 전돌 7점을 조사하였다. 유약의 표면과 단면을 현미경으로 관찰하여 다양한 수화양상을 확인하고 이를 표면층·수화층A·수화층B·녹색층으로 분류하였다. 이들 각 층의 화학조성을 주사전자현미분석으로 측정한 결과, 수화의 영향이 가장 적은 녹색층이 원 조성으로 추정된다. 이 녹색층은 주성분이 PbO와 SiO₂가 8 : 2의 비율로 나타나고 주요 발색원소인 CuO를 약 2% 내외로 함유한 저화도 유약이다. 녹색층은 경상도 납유 전돌의 기 분석된 주성분 자료들과 비교 검토하여 법광사지 납유 조성이 사천왕사지, 천룡사지, 부석사지 바닥전과 유사함을 밝혀냈다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.76-87
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 논산 개태사지의 현황과 국가문화재적 가치를 분석하고, 국가지정문화재 지정을 위한 명칭, 허용기준 등을 설정하여 이를 바탕으로 종합정비방안과 사업추진 및 관리운영계획을 제안하는 것이다. 논산 개태사지는 전례 없는 진전을 갖추고 있으며, 유구 자체의 잔존상황도 비교적 양호한 편으로 추후 시 발굴조사를 지속적으로 진행하여 논산 개태사지의 문화재로서의 품격을 격상시킬 필요가 있다. 또한, 개태사지는 보물급의 문화유산을 반출하고, 역사적 문화적 가치가 우수하기 때문에 도지정문화재가 아닌 국가지정문화재로 지정하여 체계적으로 관리할 필요가 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 고문헌, 고지도, 관련 학술논문 및 서적 등 문헌고찰을 통하여 논산 개태사지의 연혁, 역사적 사실 확인을 하였으며, 논산 개태사지 내에서 발굴된 유구 및 유적, 건물지 등 현황을 파악하기 위하여 1986년 1차 발굴조사 이후 6차까지 진행된 시 발굴조사결과를 참고하였다. 또한, 역사적, 유물적 유적 등으로 구분하여 논산 개태사지의 가치를 분석하여 논산 개태사지의 범위와 국가지정문화재(사적) 문화재구역(안)을 설정하였다. 이를 바탕으로 논산 개태사지 종합정비방안과 사업추진 및 관리운영 계획을 제안하였다. 추후 지속적인 시 발굴조사를 진행하고, 토지매입을 위한 주민의견 등을 반영하여 종합정비방안과 사업추진 및 관리운영 방안을 보완해야 하며, 본 연구에서 제안하는 사업은 특성상 사업비가 많이 소요되므로 향후 단계별 연차별 사업추진 계획이 세부적으로 수립되어야 할 것이라 판단된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.11-17
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• 1981

본(本) 조사(調査)는 1978년(年) 9월(月)과 1980년(年) 10월(月)에 노각나무 자생지중(自生地中) 희방사(熹坊寺)와 속리산(俗離山)의 식생(植生)을 조사(調査)한 것으로 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 희방사(熹坊寺) 지역(地域)의 임상식물중(林床植物中) 상대(相對) 우점치(優占値)가 높은 종은 실새풀, 조릿대, 비목나무, 생강나무등이다. 2. 속리산(俗離山) 지역(地域)의 임상식물중(林床植物中) 상대(相對) 우점치(優占値)가 높은 종은 조릿대, 좁은단풍등이다. 3. 노각나무 자생지(自生地)의 임상식물중(林床植物中) 상대우점치(相對優占値)가 높은 종은 조릿대, 좁은단풍나무, 실새풀등이다. 4. 희방사(熹坊寺) 지역(地域)의 관목시하(灌木尸下) 임상식물(林床植物)은 조릿대, 실새풀이 73%를, 속리산(俗離山) 지역(地域)은 조릿대가 93%를 차지하고 있어 노각나무의 천연경신(天然更新)에 중요(重要)한 종(種)이다. 5. 희방사(熹坊寺) 지역(地域)에서 조릿대는 표고(標高) 700m 까지, 실새풀은 표고(標高) 800m 에서 우점종(優占種)을 이루었다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.120-135
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• 2014

최근의 백제사찰 재조사에서 기존 가람의 양식과는 다른 가람배치 양상이 확인되면서 금강사지의 가람에 대하여 다시금 조사의 필요성을 가지게 한다. 본 연구는 GPR탐사법을 이용하여 금강사지의 잔존 유구 및 사역전체의 건물배치 양상을 확인하고자 하였으며, GIS기술을 이용하여 항공사진을 분석하고 수치지형도를 활용한 토양유실량(RUSLE)을 분석하여 금강사지의 입지와 지형변화를 파악하고자 하였다. GPR탐사 결과, 사역의 북편과 서편에서 기 발굴조사에서 미처 확인되지 않았던 건물지가 추가로 확인되어 사역의 범위는 추정 가람보다 더 넓었을 것으로 보인다. 또한 금강사지는 하안 단구면에 위치하고 있고 토양유실량이 매우 적은 안정된 지형장에 위치하며 자연발생적인 배수체계를 기반으로 하는 최적의 입지를 보이고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1996

A few archeological excavation of Buddhist temple sites of Koguryo were reported with information of site arrangement. The interpretation of such information is very important not only for the explanation of Korea early Buddhist architecture but also for the development of East Asian cases in general since no archeological evidences of the same period were found in other countries such as China. Though the investigation of the four temple sites this paper attempt to identify their date of construction and the process of change. The study depended much on comparative studies of the change of site elements such as pagoda, image hall., corridor, and other buildings. The study could conclude that the site of SangO-Ri must be the earliest case which was followed by ChungRung-Sa, which was built in around 427AD. The site of ToSung-Ri was the case which was the work of the rate 5th century. Such process of the development of Buddhist architecture in Koguryo unveils the fact that the process of change was a continuous flow toward a consistent goal of change that had much to do with the contemporary religious situation.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2022

The construction period of the ondol (Korean floor heating system) at Hoeamsa Temple Site is known as Joseon. The main reason is that a large number of remains in the Joseon era were excavated from the ondol floor with an all-around ondol method. This article partially accepts the theory of the creation of Ondol at Hoeamsa Temple Site during the Joseon Dynasty and suggests a new argument that some Ondol remains were built during the Goryeo Dynasty. The grounds for them are as follows. First, through the building sites consistent with the arrangement of the Cheonbosan Hoeamsa Sujogi (天寶山檜巖寺修造記, Record of Repair and Construction of Hoeamsa at Cheonbosan Mountain), it is highly likely that the ondol remains as a basic floor was maintained during the reconstruction period in Goryeo. Second, the all-around ondol method of the Monastery Site has already been widely used since the Goryeo Dynasty. Third, some ondol remains consist of "Mingaejari" and "Dunbeonggaejari," which were the methods of the gaejari (which dug deeper and stayed in the smoke) in the pre-Joseon Dynasty. Based on the above evidence, this study argues that the building sites such as Dongbangjangji, Seobangjangji, Ipsilyoji, Sijaeyoji, Susewaryoji, Seogiyoji, Seoseungdangji, Jijangryoji, and Hyanghwaryoji were constructed during the late Goryeo Dynasty.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2005

A stylobate, part of the foundation for hardening soil below the floor, has been built with a variety of materials, such as stone, tile and brick, in several kinds of combined constructions of soil, stone, and brick. In particular, Baekje used a tile-piled stylobate that could not be found in Goguryeo and Silla counterparts, thus showing outstanding performance in the construction culture. Archeological excavations up to now evidence the stylobate played a role in building the magnificent structures or enhancing the decorative effects. It can be enough inferred that such features are reflected on dual footing stylobate, framed stylobate and tile-piled stylobate. Baekje had delivered its techniques for constructing stylobate to Silla from about the middle of 6th century. They can be traced down back from the dual stylobate that has been identified in Hwangryong-sa temple lastly built in the old site of Silla, those constructed with broken stones at Najeong, tile-piled stylobate of the mode of vertical-horizontal rows which had been established in Inwang-dong, Gyeongju, the capital of the kingdom, and a framed stylobate at Hall enshrining Buddha (Golden Hall) site of Gameun-sa temple site. Recently, relics of structures, including temple sites, are intermittently being unearthed in the old sites of Baekje and Silla. However, studies linking archeology with architecture can be rarely found up to now. It is, therefore, necessary that the relics should be correctly construed in archeological as well as architectural aspects. We expect that further studies can graft architectural insight into archeological analysis.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권27호
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• pp.5-22
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• 2006

Mireuksa is a temple that was established in the Baekjea Period and continued around to the 16thcentury. The sites of the temple throughout diverse periods such as the United Shilla Period, KoryuPeriod, and Chosun Period including the one of the early temple in the late Baekjea Period were discovered. In those temple sites, there were lots of diverse artifacts discovered including artifacts in the Bronze Age. In this study, the compositions of four bronze bells excavated from Mireuksa site in Iksan were analyzed and the manufacturing technique of bronze bells was studied through the observation of microstructure. Also, the analytical cases of ancient bronze bells were collected and compared. Furthermore, the provenance study of the bronze bells site was attempted with the Pbisotope ratio. The results aim to offer crucial keys for discovering the aspect of society as well as information about the origin, development, and the route of propagation of ancient technologies. Bronze bell No. 1 showed an unexpected composition as Cu was found 98.5% in it. There were shown twins which were created by annealing and an even phase in the fine grains. It was also shown that bronze bell No. 2 and 4 had a high content of Pb although they showed a similar composition with general bronze bells in terms of Sn content. As shown in the analysis characteristics table of Korean bronze bell of this study, the ancient bronze bell used Pb of which content was limited to 2.12% in general, however, the results showed 15.5% and 13.2% respectively, which is an excessive amount. Asa result of analyzing inclusion in the microstructure of bronze bell No. 2, it was found that sulfide group mineral was used since there appeared S(14.55%). Also, it was proven that $CuFeS_2$ or$Cu_5FeS_4$ was used as a raw material because there was a small amount of Fe. As a result of analyzing inclusion of bronze bell No. 4, the bronze bell sample contained S(13.43%) and it is thought that sulfide group mineral was used, however, it had no Fe. Therefore, it is not connected to $CuFeS_2$ which is the main mineral of Korea. In addition, a strain line was shown with processing in bronze bell No. 2 and 4. As a result of provenance study of bronze bell No. 2 and 4 using the Pb isotope ratio, they or their raw materials are estimated to come from the southern China. Bronze bell No. 3 showed only Cu and Sn, and it is featured with a relatively low amount of Sn(6.63%). The microstructure has only phase, andintergranular corrosion was highly in progress.

• Architectural research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2011

This study notices that all religions in Central Asia from the fourth century through seventh century C.E. provided considerable hands in keeping a uniform unity through a process of assimilation, although art and architecture were greatly stimulated by the creative genius of the many people. The study thus intends to argue that the common ideas of rituals and primitive forms of religious shrines lead the square-based layout of Buddhist shrines the unity and universality in the architectural products of particular regions or epochs: i.e. the "square-based plan" in Buddhist temples of Central Asia was a significant prototype in the synthesis with pre-Buddhist architectural models and Buddhist universal ideas. Thus, this thesis notes that they did not lose the universal principles of the Buddhist shrine plans due to ritual functions, and even there have been never differences from pre-Buddhist building models remarked by the periods and the venues in which they were produced, although there had been continuous evolutions and adaptive transformations in the local tastes of religious architecture. Accordingly, this study discusses how such plans in Buddhist architecture had been consistently produced within that regional style also representative of the local idioms of architecture, and how they were adopted in the sites, founded on the composition of ritual functions. The foreign architectural cultures were selectively chosen getting along with local building types of each site according to each taste for architecture as a result.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.447-472
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• 1999

The preclinical and clinical studies reviewed herein show that rhBMP-2 induces normal physiologic bone in relevant defects in the craniofacial skeleton. The newly formed bone assumes characteristics of the adjacent resident bone, and allows placement and osseointegration of dental implants. Clearly, the bone inducing capacity of rhBMP-2 is carrier and site dependent. rhBMP-2 in an absorbable collagen sponge carrier induces relevant bone formation in space providing defects. Space providing carries extends this possibility to non-space providing sites. Notably, some ceramic and polymeric biomaterials may substantially interfere with rhBMP-2 induced osteogenesis.