• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.169-187
• /
• 2001

This study was performed to probe the effect of exercise program on muscle strength, endurance, flexibility, pain, disability level and life satisfaction in female teachers of elementary school who complain of low back pain. For this study, 44 female teachers aged 30-50 years with mechanical low back pain of 6 months' duration, who had the structural normalities in the lumbar spine, were recruited from April 1 to July 10 1999. Twenty three out of them were assigned to the experimental group and twenty one to the control group. The exercise program consisted of education on right postures, the etiology and diagnosis of low back pain, and exercise intervention such as muscle relaxation, elongation and strengthening. With 8 weeks program, the subjects received two sessions of education and six sessions of group exercise in the 1st week, while three sessions of group exercise and four sessions of individual exercise weekly and two sessions of education during the later 7 weeks. The muscle strength and endurance were measured by Cybex 770, the flexibility by flexibility measurement machine, the intensity of pain by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the level of disability by Oswestry low back pain disability scale, depression by Beck depression inventory (BDI), and life satisfaction by Life satisfaction index-Z. Study measurements were taken before and after 8 weeks exercise program. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, t-test, and ANCOVA. The results were as follows ; 1. The flexors and extensors peak torque and flexors peak torque per body weight of experimental group were significantly increased at test velocities $30^{\circ}$/sec, $60^{\circ}$/sec compared with those of control group. There was no significant difference in extensors peak torque per flexors peak torque at $30^{\circ}/sec$, $60^{\circ}/sec$ between experimental and control group. 2. The flexors and extensors total work and flexors total work per body weight of experimental group were significantly increased at $120^{\circ}/sec$, compared with those of control group. 3.The flexibility of lumbar spine in experimental group was significantly increased compared with that of control group. The pains in anterior, posterior, left lateral and right lateral bending and in rotation of experimental group were significantly increased compared with those of control group. 4. The Oswestry disability scores of experimental and control group were significantly decreased, and there was no difference in the Oswestry disability score change between experimental and control group. 5. The scores of BDI of experimental group were significantly decreased compared with those of control group. Life satisfaction index-Z scores of experimental group were not changed, but those of control group were significantly decreased. There was no difference in the score change of Life satisfaction index-Z between experimental and control group. 6. ANCOVA analysis for the data variables of inhomogeneous baseline represented that there was no significant difference in extensors peak torque and extensors total work at $120^{\circ}/sec$ and extensor total work per body weight at $120^{\circ}/sec$ change between experimental group and control group. These findings indicate that the exercise program could be effective in increasing the muscle strength, endurance, flexibility and decreasing pain, improving depression in female teachers of elementary school with chronic low back pain. It is suggested that the exercise program could be an essential factor for the effective nursing intervention to the patients suffered from chronic low back pain.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 1995

One of the biggest problems of Nursing Education in Korea is the division among nursing education programs of the last 3 and 4 years. To solve this problem, Nursing community must do variable trials to achieve the unity of a 4-year educational program. With this, we need to observe the phenomena and reality of the present 4-year nursing educational program that we have. The object of this study is to analyse and discuss that we have. The object of this study is to analyse and discuss the problems and future strategies of 4-year Nursing Baccalaureate program. 1. Problems as nursing department in Medical School. 1) Many 4-year nursing baccalaureate programs are operating under the medical school as nursing department. So the academic development in nursing department is unprogressive and is not approved as unique discipline. 2) The operating system between nursing and medical department are different even though they are in the same school. 3) Inequality between nursing and medical department : In many case, the nursing professor can not attend administraion committees to discuss the medical school's operation because of many differences between nursing and medical organization. 4) Weakness of the leadership and the student activities in nursing student : The nursing student involvement is usually passive because of the difference of curriculum, less number than medical students and the difference between 4-year and 6-year education program. 5) There is the obscurity of the relationship between department of nursing and other departments in whole university. 2. Problems in nursing itself 1) We need to reconstruct nursing discipline. We must change from the disease centered model to health centered model and life cycle centered model so that we can be distinguished from medicine. We also must change from hospital centered nursing to all population centered nursing, 2) The improvement of curriculum ; When the independent framework of nursing discipline become established, we need to improve the curriculum. 3) The education of clinical practice ; Most nursing school programs are divided into professors who are lecturing the theory and clinical teachers who are teaching the nursing technique in the clinic. So, what is needed in nursing discipline is that the professors have a dual position. In America, The professor is required to be a clinical specialist and to have his or her clinic so that the professor become a good role model, teach the clinical practice effectively, and give the student the practice field. 4) To extend fields of nursing : At first, the school nurse must become the school health educator, a real teacher. The nurse must establish and operate a childern's wellbeing center or nursery school, a disabled people's house or senile's wellbeing center, a mental health center, and a health promotion clinic for healthy people. 5) The name 'nursing department' need to be considered. When the focus is to be changed from the disease model to health improvement model, we take into consideration change 'nursing college', 'nursing department' and 'nursing profession' to 'health science college' or 'health wellbeing college'. 6) We must have highly qualified academic students. Each Nursing educational faculties must have the high qualified students through the development of nursing educational program and the increment of scholarship. The Korean Nurses Association and The Korean Clinical Nurses Association need to make an endeavor for the improvement of work condition and payment of clinical nurses of hospitals who consist of 70% of all nursing manpower. 3. Improvement Strategy 1) All nursing educational program must be changed 4-year program gradually. 2) Nursing department need to try to become nursing college. 3) We need to study many researches for improvement of the problem in nursing discipline and nursing education. We need more interdisciplinary researches, and we need to be granted for that research. 4) We need to have many seminars and workshops thoughout the whole country to expand a sense of nursing education. 5) Drawing up a policies plan for the nursing educational improvement : The Korean Nurses Association, The Korean Academic Nursing Association, Korea Nursing College and department President's Committee, and Korea Academic Society of Nursing Education must try for the development of nursing educational improvement and ask for government frame the policy to develop nursing education.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.1999-2011
• /
• 2014

This research is objective that we investigate the effects of transformational leadership type of the head of pre-school institution on its operation and management. In order to test, we selected the subject of 200 teachers at 50 preschools in Seoul city randomly and we measured leadership type of the head and the level of its operation and management to 174 pre-school teachers. Based on the collected questionnaire, simple correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted to produce the following results: First, analyzed result, participants were higher recognition that the relationship between the institution head's transformational leadership and its operation and management, and between the two variable were significant static positive correlation. Second, we analyzed the difference between type of transformational leadership to the institution head's perceived by its teachers individuals variables. As a results, we found that the academic ability(a college to university graduation) was significant the ethical leadership and teachers gives a positive evaluation on the head's transformational leadership regardless of the teacher's background variables. Third, we analyzed the transformational leadership affect institution on its operation and management. its results, the transformational leadership was significant on its operation and management. In particular, it were affect according to the order, political leadership, educational leadership, cultural leadership. Our finding contribute that pre-school institution have to change consistently, and were asked higher quality by enhancing competition, politics and its operation and management. in order to it is important that there is transformational leadership of the head.

• School Mathematics
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.85-107
• /
• 2012

Problem solving is important in school mathematics as the means and end of mathematics education. In elementary school, inductive reasoning is closely linked to problem solving. The purpose of this study was to examine ways of improving problem solving ability through analysis of inductive reasoning process. After the process of inductive reasoning in problem solving was analyzed, five different stages of inductive reasoning were selected. It's assumed that the flow of inductive reasoning would begin with stage 0 and then go on to the higher stages step by step, and diverse sorts of additional inductive reasoning flow were selected depending on what students would do in case of finding counter examples to a regulation found by them or to their inference. And then a case study was implemented after four elementary school students who were in their sixth grade were selected in order to check the appropriateness of the stages and flows of inductive reasoning selected in this study, and how to teach inductive reasoning and what to teach to improve problem solving ability in terms of questioning and advising, the creation of student-centered class culture and representation were discussed to map out lesson plans. The conclusion of the study and the implications of the conclusion were as follows: First, a change of teacher roles is required in problem-solving education. Teachers should provide students with a wide variety of problem-solving strategies, serve as facilitators of their thinking and give many chances for them ide splore the given problems on their own. And they should be careful entegieto take considerations on the level of each student's understanding, the changes of their thinking during problem-solving process and their response. Second, elementary schools also should provide more intensive education on justification, and one of the best teaching methods will be by taking generic examples. Third, a student-centered classroom should be created to further the class participation of students and encourage them to explore without any restrictions. Fourth, inductive reasoning should be viewed as a crucial means to boost mathematical creativity.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.237-251
• /
• 2020

Issues on climate change we are facing, such as global warming, are very important as it affects our lives directly. To overcome this, efforts to reduce greenhouse gases emissions (e.g., carbon dioxide) are necessary and these efforts should be based on our integrated understanding of carbon cycle. The purpose of this study is to examine the research trend on carbon cycle education and to suggest the value and direction of carbon cycle education for students who will be citizens of the future. We analyzed 52 carbon cycle education related studies collected from academic research databases (RISS, KCI, ERIC, Google Scholar, and others). As a result, we conclude that resources are still limited and more researches on verification and utilization of developed program, development of accurate and comprehensive tools for students' recognition and level assessment, developing educational model or teacher professional development, providing more appropriate curriculum resources, and the use of various topics or materials for carbon cycle education are necessary. Students' comprehensive understanding of the carbon cycle is important to actively react to the changes in the global environment. Therefore, to support such learning opportunities, resources that can be connected to students' daily experiences to improve students' understanding of carbon cycle and replace misconceptions based on the verification of existing programs should be provided in the classroom as well as the curriculum. In addition, sufficient exemplary cases in carbon cycle education including various materials and topics should be provided through professional development to support teachers teaching strategies with carbon cycle.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.265-278
• /
• 2002

A concept test was administered to college students and teachers to identify their understanding of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium shift. The subjects were 53 freshmen in the General Chemistry class, 28 juniors in the Physical Chemistry class and 26 seniors from a university and 10 high school teachers in Seoul. Test items include the calculations of partial pressure and concentration of the gas in the mixture, the equilibrium constant cal-culation and the prediction of equilibrium shift when an inert gas is added to the gaseous reaction system, and the equilibrium concentration calculation and the prediction of equilibrium shift when water or common ion is added to the weak acid solution. The test was focused to identify whether the subjects can predict equilibrium shift using the reaction quotient change for the situations in which Le Chatelier principle is difficult to apply. The results showed that the achievements of teachers and juniors were significantly higher than those of freshmen and seniors. Many stu-dents had difficulties in predicting equilibrium shift using the reaction quotient while they could calculate partial pres-sure and concentration for the same situation. It means they are lack of conceptual understanding of chemical equilibrium shift.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.235-255
• /
• 2016

This study examined whether there were differences in stakeholders' concerns regarding consulting in gifted education institutes. A total of 122 stakeholders in gifted and talented education responded to SoCQ(the Stage of Concerns Questionnaire, Hall & Hord, 2011). The SoCQ responses of these stakeholders to consulting for gifted education institutes were converted into relative intensities and SoCQ profiles, which were analyzed by the affiliated areas of institute, teaching years in gifted education, continuities of affairs in gifted education, and approaches to teacher training for gifted education with using t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results indicated that stakeholders generally showed the highest concern for stage 1(information) and the lowest concerns for stage 4(consequence), which were the initial stage of change and innovation in consulting for gifted education institutes. In the meanwhile, skakeholders having training program for professionals showed the more concern for stage 6(refocusing), which was a kind of resistance for the present consulting for gifted education institutes. On the based on these results, this study suggested ways(or methods) for settlement and the diffusion of successful gifted education consulting.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 1995

We conducted the comparative study of the effects of the parent training combined with medication and the medication only on 23 ADHD children with the age from 5 to 11(body 22, girl 1). Mothers of combined treatment group(parent training+medication) attended, the parent training program once a week for 8 consecutive weeks and booster session 1 month later. Children of both groups were assessed twice before and after treatment using the various using scales and TOVA to evaluate the treatment effects. The results of present study showed the greater effectiveness of the medication+parent training over the medication only in reducing the parenting stress of mothers as well as the inattention and behavioral problems of ADHD children. In medication only group while the scores of mother's rating did not change significantly after treatment, those of teacher's rating and TOVA tend to be decreased to normal range. These results suggested that methylphenidate is effective on improving attentional problems of ADHD children, but not on behaviral problems at home. These results mean that parent training is needed for reducing behavioral problems of ADHD children, negative interactions in mother-child relation, and parenting stress as well as maxmizing medication effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.37 no.10
• /
• pp.938-945
• /
• 2004

The purposes of this study were to survey the present situation of nutrition education in junior/senior high school, to analyze the difference between the favorite subjects on students and the existing subject done by dietitians on nutrition education, and then to identify the subjects of nutritional education for junior/senior high school students. Self-administered questionnaires were given to dietitians and students and 142 of the 200 dietitians (71.0%) and 479 of the 564 students (84.9%) responded to the questionnaire on the nutritional education. According to the survey results, 76.1 % of school dietitians currently were doing nutrition education for students while the other 23.9% didn't have such education programs even though they recognized the necessity strongly. The target of nutrition education was student rather than parents or teacher generally and the principal measuring method for nutrition education effect was change of plate waste and leftover'. It was found that significant difference in the collector and source of nutritional education information between junior and senior high school dietitians (p< .05) . About ninety-eight percentage of dietitians felt that nutrition education should keep pace with meal service and this meant that almost respondent recognized the necessity of nutrition education for students. Because the most serious one among operational problems of nutrition education program was lack of enough time owing to too many affairs as dietitian, junior and senior high schools should support so that dietitians would share enough time for nutrition education. And also, a gap was existed between actual and favorite subjects on nutrition education. Significant differences existed in the following subjects; 'basic concept of food and nutrition', 'disease and nutrition', 'food culture in the world', 'cooking and culinary art', 'food of the 24 divisions of the year in the lunar calendar', 'food waste and environmental issue', 'food habit and food behavior', 'exercise and nutrition' (p< .001) 'table manner', 'food and individual sanitation', 'recommended dietary allowance' (p < .01) and 'menu planning' (p< .05) .Finally, 24 subjects of nutritional education were selected based on the survey results. These subjects would be expected to be able to contribute the effective and interesting nutrition education program for junior and senior high school students.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.9
• /
• pp.3934-3942
• /
• 2012

This study heads for analysing precedent studies on children's social conflicts and groping for the tendency of change investigation, according to streams. So, this study selected and analysed 101 books as a study standard, basing on native studies. The collected materials were handled with frequency and percentage. The summary of the study is as followings. First, the progress of the studies on children's social conflict, classified with years, showed an increase from 1995 to 2005, but it showed a decrease after 2005. Second, as for an object of a study on children's social conflicts, the study frequency on conflicts among peers was high greatly, but the study frequency on parent-child, teacher-child conflicts was low comparatively. As for a number of the study object, the study frequency on the object less than 50 was the highest, and the study frequency on 50-100 was high, the next. As for a study period, short-period study was the most, but longitudinal study was not performed at all. As a study type, quantitative study was comparatively higher than qualitative study. Experimental handling method was the highest. The number of study tools was high in order of 1, 2, and 3. Third, as a subject of the study on children's social conflicts, the subject of study on relationship between children's social conflict factors and their development was the most, and children's social conflict factors, and children's social conflict aspect analysis, and children's conflict solution strategy in order.