• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.212-217
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• 2011

${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-subunits (ApCpnA and ApCpnB) are group II chaperonins from the hyperthermophilic archaeum Aeropyrum pernix K1, specialized in preventing the aggregation and inactivation of substrate proteins under conditions of transient heat stress. In the present study, the cooperativity of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits from the A. pernix K1 was investigated. The ApCpnA and ApCpnB chaperonin genes were overexpressed in E. coli Rosetta and Codonplus (DE3), respectively. Each of the recombinant ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits was purified to 92% and 94% by using anionexchange chromatography. The cooperative activity between purified ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits was examined using citrate synthase (CS), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) as substrate proteins. The addition of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits could effectively protect CS and ADH from thermal aggregation and inactivation at $43^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively, and MDH from thermal inactivation at $80^{\circ}C$C and $85^{\circ}C$. Moreover, in the presence of ATP, the protective effects of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-subunits on CS from thermal aggregation and inactivation, and ADH from thermal aggregation, were more enhanced, whereas cooperation between chaperonins and ATP in protection activity on ADH and MDH (at $85^{\circ}C$) from thermal inactivation was not observed. Specifically, the presence of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$- subunits could effectively protect MDH from thermal inactivation at $80^{\circ}C$ in an ATP-dependent manner.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 2006

White salted noodles and pan bread were prepared from Korean wheats with 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits in high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) to evaluate the suitability for end-use products through the comparison with US wheats with various classes and commercial wheat flours. Korean wheat flours with 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits showed higher SDS sedimentation volume than US wheat flours with similar protein content. Compared to wheat flours with similar protein content and SDS sedimentation volume, water absorption percent of Korean wheat flours using a mixograph was higher than that of US wheat flours, but similar to commercial wheat flours. Mixograph mixing time was similar to hard wheat flours and commercial noodle flours. Optimum water absorption percent of noodle dough from Korean wheat flours was higher than that of US wheat flours. Noodle sheets from Korean wheat flours with 1Dx2.2+ 1Dy12 subunits showed lower L values, higher a values and similar b values compared to commercial noodle flours. Hardness of cooked noodles from Korean wheat flours 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits correlated positively with protein content, NIRS hardness, mixograph water absorption and gluten yield of flours. Korean wheat flours with 1Dx2.2+1Dy12 subunits showed lower loaf volume and harder crumb firmness than hard wheat flours and commercial bread wheat flours in spite of similar protein quantity and quality to hard wheat flours.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.24 no.B
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• pp.139-142
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• 2004

To identify conserved structural or functional subunit(s) in the CP1 (editing) domains of class Ia tRNA synthetases, five available structures were compared and analyzed. Through sequence alignments of the CP1 domains, three conserved regions were found near the amino acid binding site in the editing domain. Structural overlapping of the three subunits clearly showed that there exist three common structural subunits in all of the five editing RS structures. The new alignment suggests a translocation movement of the CP1 domain caused by the binding with tRNA. Based on the experimental and modeling results, it is proposed that subunits 1 and 3 accommodate the incoming amino acid binding, while subunit 2 contributes to the interactions with the adenosine ring of the A76 to stabilize the overall tRNA binding.. Since these subunits are critical for the editing reaction, we expect that these key structures should be conserved through all class Ia editing RSs.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2010

Purpose: Authors tried to analyze the influence of individual facial aesthetic subunits on the cognition of facial attractiveness in public and suggest a mathematical model which explain the facial attractiveness. Methods: Independent facial aesthetic subunits are extracted from facial photographs from three women (11 frontal and 7 lateral aesthetic subunits). Each facial subunits of three women are rated in terms of relative rank by 164 peoples (68 man and 96 woman, average age was 32.4, and ranged ${\pm}$ 9.8 years). $x^2$-test and categorical regression analysis were performed. Results: There was no difference in the aesthetic preference in terms of ages or sexes in large. Beautification of individual aesthetic subunits can predict the overall facial attractiveness up to 42.1% in frontal face (Adjusted $R^2$=0.421, F=6.39, p=0.000 < 0.05) and 22.7% in lateral face (Adjusted $R^2$=0.227, F=4.42, p=0.000 < 0.05). Aesthetic appearance of eyes (p=0.001), upper face (p=0.034) in frontal face and midface (p=0.000) in lateral face are statistically important factors in the cognition of facial attractiveness. Conclusion: Authors experimently proved that harmony and balance among facial aesthetic subunits are the most important factors, in embarking on facial aesthetic plastic surgery, for better enhancement of facial attractiveness.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.680-683
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• 2002

Bovine aortic endothelial cells(BAEC) produce two variant forms of laminin with a subunit composition of AB1B2 and A'B1B2. Analyses of the intracellular assembly of these subunits revealed that the B1B2 dimer formed first, and that A or A' joined to form the AB1B2 or A'B1B2 trimer. Angiostatic steroids shifted the relative size of the A and A' monomer pool in BAEC, and competition between the A and A' subunits in joining the B1B2 dimer produced AB1B2 and A'B1B2 in different ratios. This result suggests that subunit replacement is the general mechanism for producing laminin variants by various cells for tissue morphogenesis. When laminin subunits in BAEC were cross-linked with dithio-bis-succinimidylpropionate(DSP) and immunoprecipitated with anti-Iaminin antiserum, monomeric A,A',B1 and B2 monomers and the B1B2 dimer migrated as extremely large molecules in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. When the crosslinking disulfide bonds were cleaved under reducing conditions, they migrated as the usual subunits. This result suggests that molecular chaperones were involved in the process of the assembly and replacement of laminin subunits.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.176-181
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• 1999

The variations of gene expression and pituitary contents of GTH subunits during the ovarian development of masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, were investigated. The pituitary GTHs contents was measured by radioimmunoassays (RIAs) using purified GTH subunits and their antibodies. Pituitary contents of GTH $I\beta$ gradually increased from April through August, and reached the maximum in October. On the other hand, pituitary contents of GTH $II\beta$ remained low until August, but they rapidly increased in October. Total RNAs were prepared from pooled pituitaries and the GTH subunits mRNA in pituitaries was quantified by Northern blot hybridization using masu salmon cDNA probes for each GTH subunit. GTH $I\beta$ mRNA level increased with the progression of ovarian maturity. However, GTH $II\beta$ mRNA was detected only at a more advanced stage, and were extremly high at ovulation. A high levels for GTH a mRNA was detected only at ovulation stage. The synchronous increase in pituitary contents and mRNA levels suggested that ovarian maturity in masu salmon was regulated by both GTH I and GTH II.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.207-210
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• 2007

To identify structural or functional common subunit(s) in the CP1 (editing) domains of class Ia tRNA synthetases, five available structures were compared and analyzed. Through the sequence alignments and structural overlapping of the CP1 domains, three conserved regions were identified near the amino acid binding site in the editing domain. Structural overlapping of the three subunits clearly showed the existence of three common structural subunits in all of the five editing RS structures. Based on the established experimental results and our modeling results, it is proposed that subunits 1 and 3 accommodate the incoming amino acid binding, while subunit 2 contributes to the interactions with the adenosine ring of the A76 to stabilize the overall tRNA binding. Since these subunits are critical for the editing reaction, we expect that these key structures should be conserved through the most class Ia editing RSs.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.285-288
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• 2009

The expression pattern of immunoproteasomes in human thymus has not been analyzed but may have important consequences during thymic selection. Here we examined the expression patterns of immunoproteasome subunits in fetal and adult thymic tissues by immunohistochemistry and found that all three subunits are expressed in both cortical and medullary stromal cells. These data suggest that thymic selection in human can be affected by peptide repertoires generated by immunoproteasomes.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2013

TCR subunits are members of membrane-bound receptors which allow the fast and efficient elimination of the specific fish pathogens have regulated function in adaptive immunity. Sequence structure of TCR subunits have been reported for various teleosts, but the information of each TCR subunit functional characterization through expression analysis in fish was unknown. In this study, we examined the gene expression of TCR subunits in the early developmental stages and observed transcript levels in various tissues from healthy adult olive flounder by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression of alpha subunit was already detected in the previous hatching step. But the transcripts of another TCR subunit were not observed during embryo development and increased after hatching and maintained until metamorphosis at the same level. It was found that all TCR subunits mRNAs are commonly expressed in the immune-related organ such as spleen, kidney and gill, also weak expressed in fin and eye. TCR alpha and beta subunit were expressed in brain, whereas gamma and delta were not expressed same tissue. The sequence alignment analysis shows that there are more than 80% sequence homology between TCR subunits. Because it has a high similarity of amino acid sequence to expect similar in function, but expression analysis show that will have may functional diversity due to different time and place of expression.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.139-144
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• 2007

Recent studies suggest that alterations in glutamate receptor subunit levels in mesocorticolimbic dopamine areas could account for neural adaptations in response to psychostimulant drugs. Although many drugs of abuse induce changes in ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in mesocorticolimbic dopamine areas, the changes of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits by repeated nicotine treatment in these areas are not known. To answer this question, we injected male Sprague-Dawley rats twice daily with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or saline (1 ml/kg) for 10 days. The immunoreactivity of NR1, GluR1, and GluR2 glutamate receptor subunits was examined $16{\sim}18 h$ after the last injection of saline or nicotine. Repeated nicotine treatment significantly increased NR1 levels in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In addition, repeated nicotine treatment showed a tendency towards an increase in GluR1 levels in the VTA as well as in striatum. However, there was no significant change in glutamate receptor subunits in other areas including nucleus accumbens (NAc). These results demonstrate that repeated nicotine treatment increases NR1 levels in VTA similarly to other drugs of abuse, suggesting that elevated glutamate receptor subunits in the VTA, but not NAc may be involved in the excitation of mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurons by nicotine.