• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.151-159
• /
• 2004

A detailed evaluation of relative toxicity of fluoride to die 5th instar larvae of PM and NB$_4$D$_2$ races of silkworm and the effects of lethal, sublethal and prevailing levels of fluoride in groundwater on the growth, economic characters and fecundity of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) were studied. The feeding of mulberry, Morus alba leaves treated with lethal and sublethal doses of fluoride to PM and NB$_4$D$_2$ races of silkworms from the beginning of the 5th instar to the end of the feeding period resulted in significant reduction in growth, single cocoon weight, single shell weight, silk index, average filament length, and fecundity when compared to controls. These manges were more pronounced on exposure to lethal dose than sublethal dose and in general, the changes induced by fluoride were more striking in NB$_4$D$_2$ than PM, indicating the greater resistance of PM to higher fluoride levels. Groundwater quality in sericulturally important villages of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States has been studied with special reference to the presence of fluoride. On exposure to dose of prevailing levels in the waters of sericulturally important areas, die changes observed on growth, economic characters and fecundity were slightly lower when compared to controls and the decrease was found to be insignificant (P$\geq$0.05). It was concluded that, though minute dose (4.0 ppm) of fluoride did not have any toxic impact, it is toxic at higher concentrations to silkworms.

• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2013

The acute toxicity and sublethal effects of nitrite on the dark-banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis (mean body weight: $83.3{\pm}7.2$ g), were studied under static conditions for a period of 96 h. The acute toxicity of nitrite was at the 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of 700 mg/L. The sublethal effects on selected hematological parameters of the dark-banded rockfish, such as its osmolality, hematocrit, cortisol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were measured after 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure to 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 700 mg/L nitrite. Sublethal nitrite caused a progressive reduction in the hematocrit of the fish, depending on the nitrite concentration and the exposure period. Exposure to 100-700 mg/L nitrite for 96 h caused a reduction in the hematocrit and an increase in cortisol, ALT, and AST compared with the control levels. Abnormal ultrastructural changes in the gills and liver tissues were observed in fish exposed to 700 mg/L nitrite for up to 96 h compared with the control tissues. Ultrastructural changes included atrophic gill mitochondria and hepatocytes that developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and atrophic mitochondria. Although no rockfish mortality occurred at 500 mg/L nitrite, all the hematological parameters examined responded adversely to a nitrite dose of 200 mg/L for 96 h. These results show that although the acute toxic concentration of nitrite for the dark-banded rockfish is > 700 mg/L, sublethal concentrations of nitrite also negatively affect its hematological parameters.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2022

Despite concerns about the significant toxicity of copper pyrithione (CuPT) at environmental concentrations, effects of CuPT on benthic organisms have received little attention. Here, we analyzed the detrimental effects of CuPT at sublethal concentrations (1/50, 1/20, and 1/10 of the 96 h-LC50 value) for 14 days in the marine polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis. Reduced burrowing activity and significantly decreased the acetylcholinesterase activity in response to relatively high concentrations of CuPT were identified as CuPT-triggered cholinergic inhibition. The lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde levels were dose-dependently increased, whereas intracellular glutathione was depleted by relatively high concentrations. In the CuPT-treated polychaete, significant fluctuations in the enzymatic activities of the antioxidant defense system (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase) were observed with significantly modulated glutathione 𝘚-transferase activity. These results indicate that even sublethal levels of CuPT would have detrimental effects on the health status of the marine polychaete.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.146-151
• /
• 2005

본 연구를 통한 결론은 다음과 같다. 5개의 염색폐수배출업소에서 각각 3회씩 채취한 최종 방류수를 대상으로 한 생물독성시험 결과 미생물독성시험에서는 B시료와 E시료에서 독성이 관찰되었고 급성 물벼룩시험에서는 반수치사농도가 C시료에서만 관찰되어 염색폐수의 독성이 시험 생물종별로 다르게 나타날 수 있음을 제시하였다. 동일 생물종을 대상으로 실시한 급성 및 만성시험에서는 급성반수치사가 5개 방류수 중 C시료에서만 비교적 낮은 농도에서 관찰이 된 것에 비해 만성반수치사는 3개 방류수에서 나타났고 $EC_{50}$도 급성영향의 $1/2\~1/5$ 수준에서 결정되었다. 특히 만성노출에 의한 생식 및 성장에 미치는 영향은 치사에 미치는 영향농도보다 더 낮은 농도에서 나타나는 경향을 보이고 있다 따라서 방류수가 연속적으로 수계에 배출되는 특성을 고려하면 만성노출에 의한 영향을 평가하는 것이 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 한편 염색폐수의 경우 동일업종 또는 동일한 시료에서도 독성평가방법에 따라 서로 다른 정도의 독성이 관찰되는 등 독성발현이 매우 다양하게 나타났다. 그러므로 염색폐수가 수중생태계에 미치는 영향을 정확하게 파악하고 제어하기 위해서는 물고기나 조류 등 다른 영양단계에 있는 생물종에 미치는 영향 등의 연구가 요구된다.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.78-85
• /
• 1994

Sodium arsenite ($NaAsO_2$) was injected to the rat subcutaneously for the study of the acute toxicity of arsenite on hepatocytes, and the effects of pretreatment of arsenite and glutathione on the lethalty of the arsenite treated rats. Arsenite treated rat hepatocytes showed vacuolated cytosol and shrinked nuclear and expanded perinuclear space and cytoplasmic membrane whirl. Rats pretreated with BSO (L-Buthionine-SR-Sulfoximine), less survived than arsenite treated alone. It means that glutathione acts as a protecting agent against the arsenite. Subcutaneous sublethal dose (10mg/kg body weight) treatment was showed the protecting activity to lethality of lethal dose (15mg/kg body weight) treated rat. 10mg/kg body weight sublethal dose effects appeared in six hours intervals of between treatments.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2007

Changes in protein metabolism were studied in hemolymph and fat body on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 of the fifth-instar silkworm, Bombyx mori, exposed to lethal, sublethal doses and prevailing levels of fluoride in groundwater in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh States of India. The total protein content indicated a depletion followed by a concomitant increase in accumulation of free amino acids. Concurrently, the activity of protease in both of the tissues was also increased. A steady enhancement in the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase paralleled the elevation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the tissues studied. It is presumed, on the basis of these results, that the fluoride toxicity causes major changes in protein metabolism of the silkworms.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.287-296
• /
• 2001

The acute oral LD5O toxicity values of isazofos, pyraclofos, diazinon and methomyl were determined for Japanese quail based on OECD guideline. The $LD_{50}$ of isazofos, pyraclofos and diazinon was 16.26 mg/kg, and 7.11mg/kg body weight In female respectively. And the $LD_{50}$ of each chemical in male was 21.44, 35.64, 8.28 mg/kg body weight respectively. Diazinon was the most susceptible compounds to Japanese quail in both sexes. The $LD_{50}$ of methomyl was 21.24 mg/kg body weights in female, and 28.28 mg/kg body weight in male respectively. Diazinon, isazofos and methomyl were more toxic In the female than male. The symptoms of poisoning were similar in quails administrated with each chemicals. The clinical sign in Japanese quail were ataxia, salivation, diarrhea, ruffled feather and convulsion at dead point. There were severe hemorrhage and catarrhal inflammation from duodenum to ileum In all compounds. In Japanese quail treated with organophosphorus and carbamate compounds, brain acetylcholinesterase was inhibited by 88-96. The recovery was not observed after 5 h in sublethal dose.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.52-57
• /
• 1996

수도용 약제들 (BPMC, buprofezin, ethofenprox)의 아치사약량을 처리한 벼멸구와 등검은황록장님노린재의 생물학적 특성 및 약제별 선택독성을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Buprofezin의 벼멸구에 대한 반수치사약량은 0.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/g으로 가장 독성이 높았으며, 등검은황록장님노린재에 대하여서는 가장 안전한 독성을 보였다. 또한 벼멸구와 등검은황록장님노린재간의 선택독성은 Buprofezin이 2703.3으로 아주 높은 선택성을 보였다. Buprofezin을 {TEX}$LD_{10}${/TEX}, {TEX}$LD_{40}${/TEX}약량으로 처리한 벼멸구 암컷성충의 산란력 및 수명은 무처리와 비교시 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 BPMC를 {TEX}$LD_{40}${/TEX}으로 처리한 벼멸구는 총산란수가 171.5개로서 다른 약제처리보다 산란력이 낮았다. Buprofezin 및 BPMC의 {TEX}$LD_{40}${/TEX}으로 처리한 벼멸구가 낳은 알의 부화억제율은 각각 17.7, 6.8%로써 아치사약량이 증가함에 따라 난부화 억제율도 높았다. 각 약제별 아치사약량으로 처리한 벼멸구 암컷성층의 산란양상은 산란기간 후기에 산란 peak를 보인 반면, 무처리에서는 산란전기(6~9일)에 peak를 보며 BMPC와 Buprofezin은 벼멸구의 산란을 지연시킴을 추측할 수 있었다. BPMC를 {TEX}$LD_{10}${/TEX}, {TEX}$LD_{40}${/TEX}으로 처리한 등검은황록장님노린재의 수명은 각각 16.1, 15.5일로 무처리의 18.8일보다 짧았으며 Etofenprox의 경우에는 각각 18.9, 18.0일로서 무처리와 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 또한 두약제의 아치사약량으로 처리된 노린재의 산란 억제율은 19%이상으로 현저하게 억제효과를 보였으나, Buprofezin은 수명과 산란력에 영향이 적었다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.455-460
• /
• 1993

In the present study, the effects of 4 agricultural chemicals commonly used in this conuntry were experimentally assessed on Lymnaea viridis the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, which in non-target organism of these chemicals. The major habitat of the snail is rice paddies in Korea and many agricultural chemicals are used for weed, fungi or insect control in rice paddies and there is a general concern that certain levels of these chemicals could reach the aquatic ecosystem and possible alter the snail life. Agricultural chemicals used in this study included two herbicides, an insecticide and a fungicide. The tenth generation of laboratory reared snails were selected and exposed to the varying concentrations(0-100 ppm) of these chemicals. As concentrations and time of exposure increase, the per cent mortality increases(p<0.01). $LC_{50}$(lethal concentration for 50% mortality) values of these chemicals on snail after 96-hour exposure were variable; iprobenfos showed the highest acute toxicity(12.6 ppm), while carbofuran showed the lowest acute toxicity(74.5ppm). Sublethal concentrations of chemicals after 96-hour exposure were also variable ; bentazone showed the highest chronic toxicity(0.81ppm), while carbofuran showed the lowest chronic toxicity(5.04 ppm).

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.257-263
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 국내에서 현재 시판되고 있는 살충제 12종에 대한 줄점팔랑나비 (Parnara guttata)의 발육 단계별 약제감수성 및 아치사농도가 암컷성충의 수명, 산란전기, 산란수, 그리고 차세대의 부화율 및 발육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 알에 대해서는 fenitrothion과 fenthion, cartap hyochloride, imidacloprid, ethofenprox가 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 시험에 사용한 모든 약제는 $1{\sim}2$령 유충에 대해서 활성을 나타내었으며, 5령 유충에 높은 살충활성을 보인 약제는 fenitrothion, fenthion, ethofenprox, fipronil, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide and Bt. var. kurstaki였다. $3{\sim}4$령기에 $LC_{40}$ 수준의 약제처리 후 생존한 유충으로부터 우화한 성충과 그 차세대에 대한 영향은 대부분의 약제에서 관찰되었다. Fenthion, tebufenozide, cartap hydrochloride, methoxyfenozide, ethofenprox, imidacloprid, apronil은 암컷성충의 수명을 단축시키는 것으로 조사되었다. BPMC, imidacloprid, ethofenprox, fipronil, methoxyfenozide는 암컷성충의 산란전기를 지연시키고 산란수를 감소시켰는데, ethofenprox가 처리된 경우는 전혀 산란을 하지 않았다. 알의 부화율은 fenitrothion을 제외한 모든 약제에서 감소하였으며, 그 중 imidacloprid와 fipronil의 경우 알은 전혀 부화하지 않았다. 또한, IGR제인 methoxyfenozide와 tebufenozide는 차세대 유충의 발육에도 영향을 주었다.