• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.33-49
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• 2014

Environmental concern has been an important issue for a few decades, and the extent of consumer demand for eco-friendly consumption has been increased. This study seeks to investigate consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for eco-friendly cosmetics. This study evaluates how much more a consumer is willing to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics and examines significant factors influencing consumers' WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Consumers' WTP is measured using four different ecofriendly cosmetics: low-priced skin care cosmetics, low-priced makeup cosmetics, high-priced skin care cosmetics, and high-priced makeup cosmetics. This study uses the contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate consumer's WTP for eco-friendly cosmetics. Survey questions were designed using both dichotomous choice and payment card method of CVM. Through face to face interviews and on-line surveys, the data were collected from women between 20 and 49 years old residing in Seoul and Kyeonggi area, Korea, in May 2010. A total of 226 questionnaires (132 from interviews and 94 from on-line) were included for the analytical sample in this study. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, T-test and Log-Logit analysis. The findings are as follows: First, the WTP measured by dichotomous choice method was estimated using the Log-Logit analysis. The results showed that the estimated WTP for low-priced skin care cosmetics was 19,152 won, which was 27.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won. For low-priced makeup cosmetics, the estimated WTP was 18,524 won, and its green premium was 21.0%. The estimated WTP for high-priced skin care cosmetics was 59,128 won, which was 18.3% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics was 57,666 won, and its green premium was 15.3%. Second, the WTP measure by payment card method was estimated using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the respondents were willing to pay 17,955 won for low-priced skin care cosmetics, which was 19.7% higher than the reference price, 15,000 won and 17,595 won for low-priced makeup cosmetics, which was 17.3% higher than the reference price. For high-priced skin care cosmetics, the average WTP was 56,950 won which was 13.9% higher than the reference price, 50,000 won. For high-priced makeup cosmetics, the average WTP was 55,650 won, which was 11.3% higher than the reference price. Overall, the WTP was higher in order of low-priced skin care, low-priced makeup, high-priced skin care, and high-priced makeup. It means that consumers decide degree of premium based on the price and the attributes of eco-friendly products. Third, the findings showed that age, monthly income, and having children or not were statistically significant factors that influenced consumers' willingness to pay for eco-friendly cosmetics. Other explanatory variables such as education, marital status, job, purchase experience of eco-friendly products, and environmental concerns did not show any statistical significance. The major contribution of this study is the investigation of the value of green attributes of the products by using CVM. Unlike most previous researches, this research used two methods of CVM, the dichotomous choice and the payment card, so it enhanced the reliability of research. According to this study, consumers showed price sensitivity when they pay green premium. These findings can be used as useful information to establish marketing strategies for green cosmetics.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.193-205
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• 2014

This study investigates soldiers' and civilians' interest in and behaviors toward cosmetics and skin beauty. Responses to a self-administered questionnaire were collected from 150 soldiers and 156 civilians residing in Chung-chung Province, Korea. The mean age of the respondents was $21.9{\pm}1.8$. More than 90% used skin toner and lotion products, and more than 50% used sunblocks and foam cleansers. Soldiers were more likely to use essence (p<.001) and after-shave (p<.01) products than civilians. In addition, soldiers were more likely to use carrier cosmetics than their counterparts (p<.001~p<.05). Soldiers were more likely to be concerned about their skin (p<.01) and unsatisfactory environments for skin care (p<.001), more likely to engage in skin care behaviors (p<.01), and less likely to have skin knowledge than civilians (p<.001). There was a negative relationship between skin knowledge and skin care behaviors (p<.01). The level of interest in appearance was correlated with that in skin (p<.001). The number of skin related concerns was positively correlated with unsatisfactory environments for skin care (p<.001). Concerns over appearance (p<.001), skin (p<.001), and unsatisfactory environments for skin care (p<.05) were positively correlated with skin care behaviors. The results suggest the necessity of providing a diverse and differentiated range of cosmetics to meet the needs of soldiers and men, particularly the former, according to the differences in their environments.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.239-243
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• 2007

PFCs는 독특한 사용감과 특성으로 인하여 화장품에 응용되어질 때 많은 특장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 이러한 장점에도 불구하고 화장품 제형에 적용하기에 많은 어려움을 가지고 있다. 즉, 물과 오일에 불용성, 높은 비중, 높은 증기압 등과 같은 원료의 특징으로 인하여 PFCs는 화장품에 적용하기 위하여 특별한 안정화 시스템을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서 PFCs를 안정화하기 위하여 gel network, spherulite lamellar, nanostructure 이상의 세 가지 시스템을 이용하였으며 사용된 세 가지 시스템 중 nanostructure system이 가장 안정함을 알 수 있었다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.120-134
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• 2020

Recently, the beauty industry has implemented personalized services based on skin big data. To increase competitiveness in the beauty industry, systematic data measurement and evaluation indicators are necessary to select data and obtain necessary knowledge. In response, this study sought to stably enhance the accuracy of skin diagnosis based on satisfaction and reliability. To this end, the research was conducted through focus group interviews (FGI), a case study of brands, and analysis of prior research results. In particular, as a result of analyzing keywords that classify skin types by brand, common survey items for skin types were oiliness and using moisturizer, cosmetic use and vascular of skin, external stimulus and blemish & freckles, facial wrinkle, outside activities, self-consciousness, and smoke. In additioin to the common questions of the preceding study and the brand survey items, the questions concerning complex skin types, seasonal change, facial color, wrinkles and elasticity were added, and the questions were presented in a total of 40 items. In particular, it suggested that skin measurement could be conducted by focusing on elasticity and pigmentation items by reflecting the results of prior research and the opinions of FGI, and based on this, a customized service with high satisfaction and high accuracy of beauty care based on this could be proposed. We hope that this study will facilitate active self-care by providing more satisfying skin stones and personalized cosmetics proposals, thus laying the foundation for the further development of the cosmetics industry.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.923-931
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the type of masculinity on appearance-oriented and appearance management behavior. Questionnaires were administered to 201 males 20s to 50s living in Daegu. The SPSS 20.0 package was utilized for data analysis which included frequency analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, cluster analysis, regression analysis, t-test and logistic regression. First, factor analysis in a appearance management behavior and the type of masculinity, were cluster analysis in appearance-oriented. Were used to analyze the problem of the study by classified five factors and two groups. The results of this study were as follows: First, the masculinity of Retro sexual, Metro sexual, Techno sexual showed a negative influence on appearance-oriented. Second, the masculinity had a influence on appearance management behavior. M-ness showed a negative influence on skin care, Metro sexual showed a positive influence on skin care, hair/fashion, cosmetics, plastic surgery. And Retro sexual showed a influence on skin care, positive influence on hair/fashion, cosmetics. Techno sexual showed a positive influence on body management, skin care, hair/fashion. Uber sexual showed a positive influence on body management, cosmetics of appearance management. Third, the appearance-oriented had a differences on body management, hair/fashion, cosmetics, plastic surgery of appearance management behavior.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.113-124
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• 2019

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of sea cucumber extract on skin as a natural cosmetics functional material. Subjective evaluation of cosmetics before and after were conducted with questionnaires regarding moisture content, sebum content, melanin index, and erythema index. Experiments were conducted on improvement efficacy using skin clinical trials and questionnaires to evaluate changes in perception of skin condition and efficiency of products. With the aim of minimizing skin irritation, the efficiency of the solvent used for extraction was an important factor, and the sea cucumber extract was harvested with efficient extraction conditions at a ratio of 1:10 of 50% ethanol. The study aimed to identify the suitability of sea cucumber extract as a functional cosmetics material to improve the moisturizing ability of skin and its effect on the skin by adding marine natural animal sea cucumber extract. Clinical studies on cosmetics skin containing sea cucumber extract, excellent skin improvement effect from all items of clinical experiment in experimental and control groups. Sea cucumber extract was proved to be a stable, non-adverse physiologically active substance against abnormal symptoms or side effects of skin reactions and skin problems. In addition, the study found excellent results that can lead to its use as a cosmetics material. This is expected to contribute to the development of various cosmetics industries.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.99-115
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• 2002

Tests of stability and toxicity, and clinical evaluation of anti-acne activity suggest that cryptotanshinone, a constituent of the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is an effective active ingredient for acne vulgaris treatments. Acne vulgaris, called acne or pimples, is the most common disease of the pilosebaceous follicle unit of the skin. It affects nearly 80% of people between the ages of 11 and 30. Approximately 30% of teenagers have acne of sufficient severity to require medical treatment. Acne is a follicular disorder of the skin. It occurs in specialized pilosebaceous units on the face and body. Acne develops when these specialized follicles undergo pathologic alterations that result in the formation of non-inflammatory lesions (comedones) and inflammatory lesions (papules, pustules and nodules). An abnormality of keratinizing epithelium of these follicles, thought to be due to the action of sebum synthesized and secreted by the androgen-sensitive sebaceous glands, leads to inflammation induced by the follicular bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. Therapy involves treatments that modify these pathogenic factors and includes drugs with antikeratinizing, antibacterial and antiseborrheic actions. Acne vulgaris is a very frequent disease, seen primarily in adolescents, involving the sebaceous follicles. Acne vulgaris is characterized by a great variety of clinical inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions: comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and scars. Acne vulgaris is a multi-factorial disease. Although its pathogenicity is unclear, extensive studies have shown that hyperseborrhea, superinfection by P. acnes and endocrinologic androgenic changes play a role in the development of acne vulgaris.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.202-213
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• 2002

There have been a lot of research going on for developing a new blend of cosmetic ingredients. such as Porous sphere power, High functional composition power, Ultrafine power, UV sunscreen agent, Flat titanium dioxide etc. It's said that these ingredients will have multi functional effects on foundation users. Regarding foundation products. UV care effect is basic and consumers want special feelings for skin and its'transparency. People also look for a high performance foundation which helps skin stay shineless and flawless with a longlasting beautiful finish. A lot of cosmetics are produced in small quantities resulting in a greater variety depending on consumers'ages, hobbies, trends, season and environment, so more specific cosmetics should be developed. To satisfy more specific clientele, It is expected that special care product will come out. Foundations for the elderly and men are already being considered as well as ones for trans-genders are possibility. It's considered that fecundation is not a makeup but something in skin-care categories based on the development and production of high performonce foundations.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether appearance concern has an effect on purchase intention and brand loyalty of cosmetics of middle and elderly women. A survey was conducted from January 20 to February 10 in 2006, among middle and elderly women. Response form the 393 subjects underwent statistical analyzes including frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. First, appearance concern factors were determined to be appearance-important, appearance-care, and skin-care. Second, appearance concern factors of appearance-important and skin-care had an effect on purchase intention of cosmetics of middle and elderly women. All of appearance concern factors had an effect on brand loyalty of cosmetics of middle and elderly women. Third, purchase intention of cosmetics had an effect on brand loyalty of cosmetics of middle and elderly women. The propitiation of putting basic and colored cosmetics was high in the appearance concerned group.after controlling for main effects.

• 한국패션뷰티학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.34-47
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to investigate the perception of males about make-up and the make-up process, analyze principal factors affecting their decision when purchasing cosmetics and, ultimately, to provide basic data for further survey and research into features of cosmetics and their satisfaction. The subjects of the study a.e male adults living in Jeonju, Iksan and Gunsan cities of Jeonbuk province. Surveyors made direct interviews with the subjects from October 21 to 30, 2003 and collected 174 questionnaires from them, which were subsequently put to the final analysis. The demographic characters of the surveyed showed that 60.9% of them were in the age ranging 30 to 39, 75.3% married, 69.5% undergraduates or graduates, 39.1% self-employed, 25.9% earning more than 3.01 million Won monthly and 43.7% spending less than 10,000 Won a month for cosmetics. Their make-up and purchasing pattern of cosmetics featured that 54.0% of the surveyed use cosmetics for skin care, 54.0% for cleanness and health, 84.5% for foundation(lotion or skin lotion) only, and 60.9% once a day. Out of the surveyed males, 79.3% haven't experienced any adverse side effects after make-up. Of those who experienced, 80.5% named disagreement of cosmetics with skin for the reason. As for kind or symptom of the side effects, 38.8% set forth itching. Among those who had aftermath or intoxication from make-up, 52.8% said they could recover naturally. According to the survey, 57.5% felt somewhat awkward after make-up, but not quite bad though. Thirty-seven point nine percent of the males surveyed replied they cared little about the purpose of male-oriented cosmetics. Quality was raised by 31.0% as the foremost issue to improve. Television turned out to be the main source for 56.9% of the surveyed to get information about cosmetics. For 56.35%, general discount shops are preferred to buy cosmetics and 24.7% of them take ones recommended by salespeople. When buying cosmetics, 47.1% considered color and fragrance most seriously.