• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.403-417
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• 1995

The upturn of Korean nuclear power program can be considered to have started in early 70's while future plants for the construction of new nuclear power plane virtually came to a halt in United States. It is projected that power plant systems from combination of nuclear and coal fired types might shift to all coal fired type, considering the current trend of construction on the new Plants in the United States. However, with the depletion of natural resources, it is desirable to understand the utilization of two competitive utility technologies in terms of invested energy. Presented in this paper is a comparison between two systems, nuclear power plant and coal fired steam power plant in terms of energy investment. The method of comparison is Net Energy Analysis (NEA). In doing so, Input-Output Analysis (IOA) among industries and commodities is done. Using these information, net energy ratios are calculated and compared. NEA is conducted for power plants in U. S. because the availability of necessary data are limited in Korea. Although NEA does not offer conclusive solution, this method can work as a screening process in decision making. When considering energy systems, results from such analysis can be used as a general guideline.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2008

This paper presents a new TIQ based CMOS flash 6-bit ADC to process digital signal in real time. In order to improve the conversion speed of ADC by designing new logic or layout of ADC circuits, a new design method is proposed in encoding logic circuits. The proposed encoding circuits convert analog input into digitally encoded double base number system(DBNS), which uses two bases unlike the normal binary representation scheme. The DBNS adopts binary and ternary radix to enhance digital arithmetic processing capability. In the DBNS, the addition and multiplication can be processed with just shift operations only. Finding near canonical representation is the most important work in general DBNS. But the main disadvantage of DBNS representation in ADC is the fan-in problem. Thus, an equal distribution algorithm is developed to solve the fan-in problem after assignment the prime numbers first. The conversion speed of simulation result was 1.6 GSPS, at 1.8V power with the Magna $0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process, and the maximum power consumption was 38.71mW.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.185-194
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• 2020

The emergence of post-human beings in the 4th Industrial Revolution era led to an epistemological shift in the need for reflection on new relationships with non-human beings, away from human-centered modern humanism. For this reflection, post-human sensibility to empathize and understand the surrounding world is required. In order to cultivate this sensibility, we analyzed the case of art works that can think about and experience the post-human era based on the criteria of 'animal-becoming', 'earth-becoming', and 'machine-being' presented by post-humanist researcher Bridotti. Since the work of art reflects the spirit of the era, we confirmed the positive aspect of the text that can reflect and experience the post-human era. This study is meaningful as a basic study by presenting art works that can be used in art education to improve post-human sensitivity.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.15-27
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify nurse's intention to keep current job in the hospital. Methods: Data were collected from 1,143 nurse's working in over 300 beds hospital. The questionnaire with 47 items was developed by researchers to measure nurse's intention to keep his/her current nursing job in hospital. The questionnaire was developed through a focus group interview asking nurse's about their work experiences and literature review, and validated by researchers. Using descriptive statistics, data were analyzed in frequency and severity of nurse's intention to keep nursing job. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the questionnaire was .906. Results: The mean score of nurse's intention to keep current nursing job was 2.66. The highest mean scores of item of nurse's intention to keep nursing job was "as a nurse it is my duty to help others" ($3.19{\pm}0.45$), and the lowest was "the rotating shift helps me doing housework and raise for my kids" ($1.77{\pm}0.64$). And there are significant differences between period of working (F=9.71, p<.001), current position (F=5.91, p<.001), educational level (F=13.44, p<.001), and impulse experience of changing a job (F=71.20, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed possibilities to develop programs for heightening the pride of professional nurse and increasing nurse's intention to keep nursing job in order to increase nurse's professional satisfaction and achievement.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.369-378
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was conducted to determine the working conditions, post-traumatic stress syndrome and the self-resilience of nurses, and find out the relationship between the post-traumatic stress syndrome and the self-resilience. Data were collected by questionnaire method among 220 General Hospital nurses at Gyeongnam G and J city. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 21.0 program WIN. The results of working conditions of the nurses majority were shift work 70.5%, currently working in the ward 54.6%. Scores were shown as Post-traumatic stress syndrome (28.20) and self resilience (39.98). There is a negative correlation (r =.226, p=.001) between the post-traumatic stress syndrome and the self-resilience. Based on the result, since working conditions of nurses caused psychological stress and nurses with high self-resilience eased the degree of post-traumatic stress, in terms of the personnel management of hospitals, a psychological intervention strategy should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 1999

To investigate industrial fatigue and low back pain, the questionaire survey for subjective symptoms of fatigue and low back pain was carried out 305 nurses in general hospital in Korea. Nurses participated to this study were divided into low back pain group(LBP) and control group, according to the self-reports by written questionaires. The subjective sysptoms of fatigue comprised three groups of 10 items each, representing dullness and sleepiness(level of cerebral activation), difficulty in concentration(level of motivation) and bodily projection of fatigue. The resultant data were processed for $x^2$-test, t-test to confirm the associations. The results were as follows: 1. 28 items of fatigue subjective symptoms exept two item, 'feel thirsty and 'feel ill', were directly associated with low back pain. 2. The percentage of fatigue complaint were significantly higher in LBP group than control. 3. Of the 30 items of fatigue subjective symptoms, the highest percentage was accounted for 'legs feel heavy', 'eye strain', 'feel stiffness in the neck or the shoulders' followed by 'feel like lying', 'whole body feels tired', 'feel a pain in the low back', 'feel drowsy' and in the order of sequence. 4. The average weighted score for the first group of fatigue items(dullness and sleepiness) was the largest among three groups and was followed by the second group(difficulty in concentration) and the third group (bodily projection of fatigue) in the order of sequence, suggesting the heavier mental and shift work stress of the female workers.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1627-1634
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• 2017

In this work, a junctionless transistor with different film thickness of amorphous InGaZnO has been fabricated and it's instability has been analyzed with different film thickness under positive and negative gate stress as well as light illumination. It was found that the threshold voltage shift and the variation of drain current have been increased with decrease of film thickness under the condition of gate stress and light illumination. The reasons for the observed results have been explained by stretched-exponential model and device simulation. Due to the reduced carrier trapping time with decrease of film thickness, electrons and holes can be activated easily. Due to the increase of vertical channel electric field reaching the back interface with decrease of film thickness, more electrons and holes can be accumulated in back interface. When one decides the film thickness for the fabrication of junctionless transistor, the more significant device instability with decrease of film thickness should be consdered.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1470-1474
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• 2009

Thermal and photochemistry of methyl iodide ($CH_3I)\;adsorbed\;on\;D_2O$ ice film on Cu(111) at 100 K were studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS), X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. On the basis of TPD, multilayer and monolayer $CH_3I$ molecules desorb from $D_2O$ ice layer at 120 and 130 K, respectively. Photo-irradiation at 100 K exhibits dramatic changes in the TPD and I $3d_{5/2}\;XPS\;of\;CH_3I$ on ice film, due to a dramatic dissociation of $CH_3I$. The dissociation is likely activated by solvated electrons transferred from the metal substrate during photo-irradiation. No other photo-initiated reaction products were found within our instrumental detection limit. During photo-irradiation, the $CH_3I$, $CH_3$ and I could be trapped (or solvated) in ice film by rearrangement (and self-diffusion) of water molecules. A newly appeared parent molecular desorption peak at 145 K is attributed to trapped $CH_3I$. In addition, the $CH_3$ and I may diffuse through ice and chemisorb on Cu(111), indicated by TPD and I $d_{5/2}$ XPS taken with photo-irradiation time, respectively. No molecular ejection was found during photo-irradiation at 100 K. The work functions for $CH_3I/Cu(111),\;D_2O/Cu(111)\;and\;CH_3I/D_2$O/Cu(111) were all measured to be about 3.9 eV, 1.0 eV downward shift from that of clean Cu(111).

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.309-320
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify relationships among circadian types, sleep quality, and adaptation to night shifts among nurses working on two or three day night duties. Methods: The participants were 199 ward nurses from two university hospitals in Gyeongnam province. Each nurse worked on two or three day night duties. Data were collected between September 24 and October 14, 2012 and analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, $Scheff{\grave{e}}$ test, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 14.0 program. Results: Mean scores for sleep quality and adaptation to night shifts was $4.92{\pm}1.46$ on a 10-point scale and $2.66{\pm}0.47$ on a 5-point scale respectively. There were no significant differences in sleep quality and adaptation to night shifts according to circadian types of nurses. There were significant correlation between sleep quality and adaptation to night shifts (r=.25, p<.001). Factors affecting adaptation to night shifts were preference for night shifts, and subjective health status, which together explained about 35% of the total variance. Conclusions: Nurses working on two or three day night duties had low level of sleep quality and adaptation to night shifts. It is necessary to improve preference for night shifts and subjective health status for improving adaptation to night shifts of nurse.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.276-286
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of self-efficacy and collective-efficacy on job stress in the nursing staff. Method: This study surveyed 160 nurses in three general hospitals in the Seoul and Gyung-gi province for two months starting in September 2004. The questionnaire consisted of 54 questions about job stress, 10 questions about self-efficacy, and 7 questions about collective-efficacy. The answers were on a scale rating of 5. The answer sheets were analyzed with descriptive statistics, the t-test, ANOVA, the tukey test, the Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression using SAS version 8.2. Result: The average job stress rating of the nurses was 3.11. The average self-efficacy and the average collective-efficacy were 3.41 and 3.39, respectively. The age, working department, income level, shift-work and hospital have influence on job stress. Efficacies such that self-efficacy and collective-efficacy have influence on job stress. The much efficacy makes the less job stress. The stepwise multiple regression revealed that the significant predictor of job stress was working department and hospital. Conclusion: This study showed that collective-efficacy as well as self-efficacy reduces job stress, so nursing intervention methods should promote collective-efficacy. The collective-efficacy improvement program should be developed to improve job performance, to improve cohesion of nursing units, and to improve satisfaction on the job. The next research could be to develop collective-efficacy improvement programs for nursing units.