• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.29-40
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• 2003

Data were collected from 392 4th and 6th grade students by questionnaires and analyzed by Pearson's correlation, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. More problem behavior was reported by 4th than by 6th graders and by boys than by girls; the gender difference was larger in 4th than 6th graders. Low school satisfaction, authoritative parenting, male gender, and higher age predicted problem behavior. Within group variables that predicted problem behavior were low authoritative parenting, low school satisfaction. Male gender, and low self-control in the 4th graders ; low self-control and school satisfaction in the 6th graders; low authoritative parenting and school satisfaction in girls ; and low school satisfaction, higher age, and low self-control in boys.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2016

Let {$X_n,n{\geq}1$} be a sequence of negatively superadditive dependent random variables. In the paper, we study the strong law of large numbers for general weighted sums ${\frac{1}{g(n)}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}}{\frac{X_i}{h(i)}}$ of negatively superadditive dependent random variables with non-identical distribution. Some sufficient conditions for the strong law of large numbers are provided. As applications, the Kolmogorov strong law of large numbers and Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund strong law of large numbers for negatively superadditive dependent random variables are obtained. Our results generalize the corresponding ones for independent random variables and negatively associated random variables.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.539-554
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• 2013

This study analyses the factors that affect the satisfaction of school meals program. To obtain the data, 54 elementary, middle and high schools in Jeonbuk area were chosen for survey. A ordered probit model analysis is conducted to identify the key explanatory variables that affect the satisfaction of school meals about elementary, middle and high school's students. Also, a ordered probit model is used to calculate marginal effects of several key variables. The study finds that key factors that affect to increase the satisfaction of school meals are rural area schools, elementary school's students, and education for school meals or food nutrition. The satisfaction of school meals in urban and rural school's students are significantly different. Also, the satisfaction of school meals about elementary, middle and high school's students are significantly different. To do this, importance of school meals is to build up the safe agricultural supply system. For safe agricultural supply system, local agricultural products provided in school meals should be supplied based on GAP, HACCP certificated companies such as US FTS(Farm to School) program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.454-464
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the causal relationship of familial factors (parental acceptance, autonomy, and family satisfaction), social support (teacher's support and friend's support), school achievement, self-concept, and school adjustment. Based on preceding research, this study established a path model of school adjustment and its related variables. Methods: Two thousand six hundred and twenty nine middle school students participated in this study. Data were collected by a visit-survey with an organized questionnaire and was analyzed by the SPSS and AMOS programs. Results: Self-concept showed a significantly direct influence to school adjustment while both family satisfaction and school achievement directly and indirectly influenced school adjustment. Parental acceptance, autonomy, and social support indirectly influenced school adjustment. Conclusion: These results imply that first, family satisfaction, and self-concept are essential to solve the problems of school adjustment. Especially friend's support, teacher's support and school achievement should help improve the self-concept and school adjustment. Second, a variety of programs are available for schools to employ in an effort to provide interventions for students who demonstrate school maladjustment. Finally, it is necessary for family, school and society members to comprehensively cooperate to improve school adjustment.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2015

This study investigated how variables of internalizing and externalizing problematic behaviors change according to gender and as time passes by and how the variables influence adolescent problematic behaviors. The variables selected for the analysis are personal variables, parent variables, peer and school variables, and community variables. longitudinal data collected for 4 years from the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS) were utilized for the analysis. Data were collected initially from 2,707 fifth grade elementary students in 2005 and they were traced until 2008. The final respondents were 2,448 students. The findings are as follows. Frist, the statistical significance was found in changes of problematic behavioral variables in terms of the gender difference. Second, variables, such as self-esteem and self-control are negatively correlated to the problematic behaviors and stress level is strongly positively correlated to the behaviors. Third, the study pressure and peer attachment level are correlated to the initial value of internalizing problematic behaviors. In conclusion, given that more statistical significances were found at initial values than the change rates among variables, early intervention is important in addressing adolescent problematic behaviors.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.193-206
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• 2011

Due to the great impact of private education expenses on many areas including economics and politics, reducing private education expenses is one of the key issues in Korea. In this paper, we analyze the data from a survey on private education expenses, conducted by Statistics, Korea, in 2008. We study the effect of some demographic variables on two dependent variables, the expenses for out-of-school private education (Private) and the expenses for after-school programs (Afterschool), by using a multiple linear regression model. The analysis results show that 'residential area' and 'school level' variables have a significant effect on the two dependent variables. 'Private' increases in the order of small town, middle town, or metropolitan city, and Seoul, by about 7%. On the other hand, 'Afterschool' are about the same for all areas except for the small town. In terms of the effect of 'school level', 'Private' for high school students is about 17% larger than all other students including professional high school students. This shows a strong correlation between university admission and private education, in Korea. 'Afterschool' is larger for high school and elementary school students and decreases in the order of professional school students and middle school students. It seems that after-school programs are alternatives to expensive private education programs for elementary school students, and that high school students are attracted to after-school programs to get a good GPA, which is important for university admissions.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.30 no.3_4
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• pp.623-633
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• 2012

Let {${\Omega}$, $\mathcal{F}$, P} be a probability space and {$X_n|n{\geq}1$} be a sequence of random variables defined on it. A finite sequence of random variables {$X_n|n{\geq}1$} is said to be conditionally negatively associated given $\mathcal{F}$ if for every pair of disjoint subsets A and B of {1, 2, ${\cdots}$, n}, $Cov^{\mathcal{F}}(f_1(X_i,i{\in}A),\;f_2(X_j,j{\in}B)){\leq}0$ a.s. whenever $f_1$ and $f_2$ are coordinatewise nondecreasing functions. We extend the H$\grave{a}$jek-R$\grave{e}$nyi-type inequality from negative association to conditional negative association of random variables. In addition, some corollaries are given.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.15-21
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• 2002

We studied the relations between variables related to fan's preference in a area of pro-baseball which is the most popular one among pro-sports. The dependent variables are pro-baseball team fan's preference to both the team and the products of the company which has a pro-baseball team, while the independent variables are sex, age, and hometown of fans. Eight hypotheses are constructed with those variables. For testing them a questionnaire was used, whose reliability was checked using Kronbach Alpha. Subjects were 314 college students in a local city. For statistical analysis nonparametric tests like Mann Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, etc were used. Useful and significant results among variables were obtained. Since these results have important implications about management of pro-sports teams and fans and fans Preference to products in a view of sports marketing management, more researches should be done continuously in the future in this area.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to quantitatively assess the relationship of smile esthetic variables with various types of malocclusion, and identify the cephalometric factors affecting smile measurements. Methods: This retrospective study included 106 patients who were treated with retention at the orthodontic department of Taipei Medical University Hospital. Hard-tissue variables were measured using lateral cephalographic tracings, and nine smile esthetic variables were measured using facial photographs. The patients were divided into three groups according to their overjet (< 0, 0-4, and > 4 mm). An analysis of variance was conducted to compare the pretreatment cephalometric variables and smile esthetic variables among the three groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the cephalometric factors affecting the smile measurements in each group. Results: Except the upper midline and buccal corridor ratio, all of the smile measurements differed significantly among the three groups before orthodontic treatment. Some of the smile characteristics were correlated with the cephalometric measurements in different types of malocclusion. The overjet was the major factor influencing the smile pattern in all three types of malocclusion. Conclusions: Smile characteristics differ between different types of malocclusion; the smile may be influenced by skeletal pattern, dental procumbency, or facial type. These findings indicate that establishment of an optimal horizontal anterior teeth relationship is the key to improving the smile characteristics in different types of malocclusion.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.885-919
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• 2006

This paper revisits two conventional beliefs of environmental nonmarket valuation and examines their weaknesses and a new opportunity. The two beliefs are that willingness to pay (WTP) is an appropriate measure of nonmarket behaviour and that exogenous variables are relevant predictors of WTP whilst endogenous variables are not. The contemporary literature in psychology and economics is reviewed to demonstrate departures from these two beliefs. Tackling heterogeneity in stated preferences, both socio-demographic and psychological variables should be measured simultaneously to explain and predict choice behaviours more accurately.