• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2014

We investigated the role of central P2X receptors in inflammatory pain transmission in the orofacial area in rats. Experiments were carried out using male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 230-280g. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, $40{\mu}L$) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad to produce inflammatory pain. The intracisternal administration of iso-PPADS tetrasodium salt, a non-selective P2X receptor antagonist, A317491 sodium salt hydrate, a $P2X_{2/3}$ receptor antagonist, 5-BDBD, a $P2X_4$ receptor antagonist, or A438079 hydrochloride, a $P2X_7$ receptor antagonist, was performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injections of CFA produced increases in thermal hypersensitivity. Intracisternal injections of iso-PPADS ($25{\mu}g$) or A438079 (25 or $50{\mu}g$) produced significant anti-hyperalgesic effects against thermal stimuli compared to the vehicle group. A317491 or 5-BDBD did not affect the head withdrawal latency times in rats showing an inflammatory response. Subcutaneous injections of CFA resulted in the up-regulation of OX-42, a microglia marker, and GFAP, an astrocyte marker, in the medullary dorsal horn. The intracisternal administration of A438079 reduced the numbers of activated microglia and astrocytes in the medullary dorsal horn. These results suggest that a blockade of the central $P2X_7$ receptor produces antinociceptive effects, mediated by inhibition of glial cell function in the medullary dorsal horn. These data also indicate that central $P2X_7$ receptors are potential targets for future therapeutic approaches to inflammatory pain in the orofacial area.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2009

In order to search for new whitening cosmetic ingredients from Chinese herbal extracts including Chinese herbs and complex prescriptions from TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), we screened about 47 TCM extracts collected from China. We tested their inhibitory effects on melanogenesis by using in vitro tyrosinase inhibition assay and B16 melanoma cells. We selected Siphonostegia chinensis and Salvianic miltiorrhiza Bunge. We isolated Danshensu ($\alpha$,3,4-trihydroxybenzenepropanoic acid sodium salt) from Salvianic miltiorrhiza Bunge extract and tested its inhibitory effect on melanin formation in B16-F10 melanoma cells. Danshensu suppressed melanin synthesis up to about 50% at a concentration of $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. Siphonostegia chinensis suppressed melanin synthesis up to about 60% at a concentration of $300\;{\mu}g/mL$. The results showed that these extracts could be used as new natural active ingredients for whitening cosmetics.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 2006

The present study examined that in Vivo/Vitro test is investigated in normotensive sham-operated rats (NSR) and aldosterone-analogue deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats (ADHR) and that the antihypertensive effect was induced by silver spike point (SSP) electrical stimulation at meridian points(CV-3, -4, Ki-12, SP-6, LR-3, BL-25, -28, -32, -52), specifically, such as aldosterone in 24 hour urine analysis from healthy volunteer. The gross examination and morphometric-histological changes, such as hypertrophy, production of necrotic tissues, and the changes of cell arrangement on the kidney, and adrenal gland were markedly observed in aldosterone-analogue DOCA-salt hypertensive rats compared with those from normotensive sham-operated rats. The systolic blood pressure, weight of kidney and adrenal gland were significantly increased in ADHR than that in NSR. The required time of PSS-induced resting tone was significantly increased in ADHR than that in NSR. However, the voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) currents were significantly decreased in ADHR than that in NSR. The urine analysis showed that the concentration of aldosterone was significantly decreased in resting state from the elderly people compared with those from the adolescent healthy volunteer. The current of 1 Hz continue type of SSP electrical stimulation significantly decreased in the concentration of aldosterone of 24 hour urine from the elderly people. These results suggest that the development of aldosterone analogue-induced hypertension is associated with changed the weight of kidney and adrenal gland, blood pressure, resting tone and Kv currents, which directly affects blood pressure. Therefore, the hypertension is a risk factor on cerebrovascular disease. Moreover, these results suggest that the diminished responsiveness to SSP electrical stimulation, especially current of 1Hz continue type, in elderly people may be, in part, related by the increased of antihypertensive effects.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Deicers such as calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in Korea have been commonly used to reduce traffic accidents as well as injuries. However there have been adverse effects of deciders such as pollution of water and soil, and reduced productivity of agriculture as well as forest. This study aimed to investigate biological effects of the deicers against wheat, barley, and spinach. METHODS AND RESULTS: The germination of tested crop seeds exposed to chloride-deicers, $CaCl_2$ and NaCl was significantly reduced at over 3% concentration of chloride-deicers compared to the control. In spraying deicers to the seedlings of the crops, there was no symptom such as inhibition of growth rate or leaf elongation. However the germination of tested crop seeds was affected at 2% concentration of deicers when they were exposed continuously to deicers in soils. The growth of the shoot against $CaCl_2$ and NaCl treatments was very similar in wheat and barley whereas the shoot of spinach was the most susceptible. Based on these results, the sensitivity of the crops to the tested deicers was as follows: NaCl > $CaCl_2$ > mixture ($CaCl_2$ + NaCl). The length of shoots and roots of the seedlings grown in 1% treated soil was decreased. The biomass of all the seedlings decreased 1.5 to 4 times at 1%. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the effects of salt deicers by inputting into soil against growing tested crops are more severe in germination and growth inhibition as well as biomass decrease.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.169-169
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• 2017

Medium composition plays a key role on influencing organogenesis in plant tissue culture. This study was carried out to examine the effects of medium composition on organogenesis in diploid and tetraploid Codonopsis lanceolata and obtain in-vitro mass propagation of superior species of C. lanceolata. Diploid C. lanceolata was found to be declined regarding MS medium composition for each concentration. However, shoot and adventitious root formation were suppressed with higher mineral salt concentration, and active growth of shoot and adventitious root was exhibited as 4.9 cm and 3.2 cm respectively in 1/2 MS medium. While in tetraploid C. lanceolata, it showed 2.9 cm and 3.2 cm respectively in 1/4 MS medium. In the case of sucrose concentration, no consistent decrease was observed for growth of shoot and the adventitious root of diploid both at high and low concentration. The growth of shoot (at 3% concentration) and adventitious root (at 7% concentration) was 2.3 cm and 2.0 cm respectively. Although there was no difference in shoot formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata in all concentrations with the range of 1.7~1.8, there was a slight decrease in shoot growth at high concentration. Results revealed that the adventitious root formation was suppressed at high concentration. The concentration of agar exhibited no significant difference in shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata at all concentrations. The maximum result of adventitious growth (4.1 cm) was observed at 0.8% concentration. Slight inhibition of shoot formation and root formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata was observed at higher concentration. Shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata also exhibited inhibition at higher concentration. Shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was increased at lower pH and shoot growth was the highest (2.3 cm) at pH 3.8. Adventitious root formation was higher at lower pH. However, both the adventitious root formation and growth exhibited comparatively higher result at pH 5.8. Taken together, the levels of pH had an effect on shoot and root formation in diploid and tetraploid of C. lanceolata

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.196-202
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• 2005

This research was conducted to determine the amount of water absorbed by a polyacrylamide hydrogel such as Stocksorb C (STSB), effect of salts on inhibition in hydration of STSB, and the hydrogel effects on changes of nutrient concentration in external solution. Absorption of deionized water by STSB reached a maximum of 180 $mL{\cdot}g^{-1}$. Monovalent soluble salts such as $KH_2PO_4,\;KNO_3$, and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ reduced absorption of the hydrogel, but the degrees of inhibition in absorption were similar in three kinds of salts. Twenty milliequivalents per liter of $Ca_{2+}\;or\;Mg_{2+}$ reduced water absorption of STSB to $14\%$ compared to those of deionized water. Solution absorption was consistently lower in the presence of divalent cations than in the presence of the monovalent cations. But the absorption was unaffected by the uncharged salt such as urea in all concentrations tested. The final $K^+\;and\;NH_4^+-N$ concentrations of the solution remaining after absorption by STSB was higher than those of the initial solution. The soaking of STSB to full strength of Hoagland solution resulted in increase of $NO_3^--N,\;H_2PO_4^-\;and\;SO_4^{2-}$ concentrations in external solution compared to initial solution, reaching 5,300, 250 and 1,500 $mL{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively, at 24 hrs after soaking.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2006

Potassium Sorbate (PS) is a potassium salt version of sorbic acid, which has antimicrobial and fungistatic features in foods. Therefore, PS is used as a food preservative against fungi and mold. PS has been found to be non-toxic even when taken in large quantities given its trait to be broken down in the body into water and carbon dioxide. Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication (GJIC) is essential in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis during development and differentiation. This study was made of the effects of PS on GJIC in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial (WB) cells. We found dramatic decrease of cell viability in time- and dose-dependent manners when WB cells were treated with PS. The effect of PS on GJIC is strong inhibition, and it took place in parallel with a hyperphosphorylation of connexin 43 expression. The finding that PS interferes with gap junction functionality should be considered with respect to the mechanism of PS-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1993

In order to study the effect of the intestinal bacteria on the physiology of the human large intestinal tract, we isolated the intestinal bacteria of Koreans and tested the enzymatic patterns. Isolated Bifidobacterium sp. Int-57 showed the higher activity of ${\beta}-xylosidase$ than other intestinal microorganisms. The effect of the carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, initial pH and initial temperature on the production of ${\beta}-xylosidase$ of Bifidobacterium sp. Int-57 was investigated. The most suitable carbon source, nitrogen source and inorganic salt for the production of ${\beta}-xylosidase$ were 1.1% xylose, 0.4% yeast extract and 0.0003% $CoCl_2$ respectively at initial pH 7.0 and temperature $40^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.857-862
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-proliferative mechanism by Trichosanthes kirilowii (TCK) in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell. In this study, we used human breast cancer cell line, Michigan cancer foundation-7 cells (MCF-7 cells). They were co-incubated with 30~200 ${\mu}g$/ml TCK for 48 hours, and cell viability was measured by Water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assay. After MCF-7 cells were exposed to 60 ${\mu}g$/ml of TCK for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, We performed flow analysis cytometry sorting(FACS) and western blot analysis. We investigated the effect of dose-dependent cell growth inhibition by TCK, which could be proved by WST-1 assay. Also, flow cytometry analysis showed that TCK increased percentage of subG1 phase and G2/M phase cell cycle. In addition, TCK induced apoptosis through the expression of caspase-9, -3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase(PARP) activation. Moreover, we showed that ATM-dependent G2/M phase arrest by DNA damage and phosphorylation of chk2, cdc25C, cdc2(Tyr15). Taken together, these results suggest that by G2/M phase arrest through DNA damage and inducing of apoptosis through intrinsic pathway, TCK may have potential tumor suppressor in breast cancer.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2011

Five strains of Actinomyces were isolated from freshwater sponges, Baikalospongia and Lubomirskia, in Lake Baikal. By 16S rRNA sequencing, isolates were identified as Streptomyces griseoplanus, S. halstedii, S. violascens, S. flavovirens, and S. microflavus. Isolates had different characteristics of growth temperature, carbon utilization, enzyme activity, and cellular fatty acid composition. Optimum growth conditions of isolates were $30-37^{\circ}C$, pH 8-9, and 0-1.5% salt concentrations. Major fatty acid compositions were anteiso-$C_{15:0}$, iso-$C_{15:0}$, and iso-$C_{16:0}$. Strain ATS-BA-19 had DNase and chitinase activities and strain ATS-BA-16 had cellulase and protease activities. Colonies of strain ATS-BA-15 and ATS-BA-19 made inhibition zone of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.