• 제목/요약/키워드: rounding function

검색결과 20건 처리시간 0.029초

기억용량 절약과 순회방식 선택이 가능한 디지털 필터의 구성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Implementation of Digital Filters with Reduced Memory Space and Dual Impulse Response Types)

  • 박인정;이태원
    • 대한전자공학회논문지
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    • 제23권6호
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    • pp.950-956
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    • 1986
  • In this paper, a direct addressing mode of a microprocessor is introduced to save memory capacity, and also a dedicated digital filter is constructed to speed up the filter processing and to enable an easy selection of the impulse response types. A theoretical analysis has been conducted on the errors caused by the finite word klength, rounding-off and multiplication procedures. The digital filter designed by the proposed method is made into a module which can function as a 7th-order recursive or a 14-order nonrecursive type with a simples witch operation. The proposed filter is implemented on a printed-circuit board. The frequency characteristics of this filter can be controlled by the multiplication values stored in ROMs. A low-pass, a high-pass and a band-pass filter have been designed and their frequency characteristics are verified by actual measurements. For a order higher filer, two filter modules have been cascaded into an integrated filter of 23rd-order non-recursive low-pass type and a 12th-order recursive multiband type. Their frequency characteirstics have been found to agree with the theory.

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2차원 스마트폰형상에 있어서 상징적 기능으로서 아날로그이미지 및 디지털이미지의 인지특성 연구 (A Study on the Cognitive Characteristics of Analog Image and Digital Image as a Symbolic Function in the Two-Dimensional Smartphone Form)

  • 이진승;김진성
    • 한국HCI학회논문지
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    • 제13권3호
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    • pp.17-33
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    • 2018
  • 사람들은 시각을 통해 대상물의 형상, 크기, 색, 표면 재질 등과 같은 미적기능을 처리하는 것과 동시에 과거의 자신의 경험을 결합시켜 새로운 심리적 해석을 통한 상징적 기능으로서 대상물을 바라보기도 한다. 그렇기 때문에 단순히 사람들이 눈을 통해서 무엇을 보고 있느냐가 중요 한 것이 아니라 눈으로 받아들이고 이해한 것이 사람들에게 어떤 생각과 느낌과 심리적인 영향을 불러오는 것인가를 연구하고 이해하는 것이 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있겠다[15]. 이러한 연구목적의 하나로서 본 연구에서는 상징적 기능으로서 아날로그 이미지와 디지털 이미지의 인지적 특성이 무엇인지를 "형태적 관점"에서 디테일하게 밝혀내려 하였다. 그리고 다섯 가지 가설을 세우고 다음과 같은 실험을 진행하여 가설을 검증하였다. 우리주변에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 스마트폰을 2차원형상의 선화(線?)로 단순화하고 그 스마트폰 2차원형상의 가로라인에 R(radius)값이 부여되었을 경우와 런인알(run-in-r; radius)이 부여되었을 경우 그리고 그 도형들의 모서리에 R(radius)굴림이 적용 되었을 경우를 설정하고 12가지 짝(pair)을 이룬 도형의 조합을 실험방법으로 고안하여 피험자들에게 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 몇 가지 인간의 특징적인 현상을 발견할 수 있었으며, 특히 어떤 형상에서 사람들은 상징적 기능으로서의 아날로그이미지와 디지털이미지를 심리적으로 강하게 인지하는지를 객관적으로 검증할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 연구를 통해 얻어진 사람들의 생각과 느낌들을 확정된 하나의 가치로서 데이터베이스화 하여 제품디자이너들에게 제공할 수 있다면 소비자들이 원하는 기초적인 감성 디자인으로서 디자인형상에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

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섹터모드의 로스비하우어비츠 파동과 균형을 이루는 고도장 (Geopotentinl Field in Nonlinear Balance with the Sectoral Mode of Rossby-Haurwitz Wave on the Inclined Rotation Axis)

  • 정형빈;박자린
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제28권7호
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    • pp.936-946
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    • 2007
  • 기울어진 자전축을 갖는 회전계에서, 일정한 각속도로 회전하는 동서풍이 있는 경우에 대해서 로스비하우어비츠 파동의 섹터모드(적도에 대한 반구 비대칭의 첫 번째 모드)와 균형을 이루는 지위고도장을 해석적으로 유도하였다. 균형장은 발산방정식으로부터 시간변화를 제거하고 라플라시안 연산자를 역산함으로써 구하였다. 역산은 비선형항의 계산과 포이슨 방정식의 해를 구하는 두 단계의 연산과정으로 이루어져 있다. 두 번째 단계에서, 구면조화함수로 표현되는 강제력의 항은 구면조화함수의 선형관계를 이용하였고, 그 이외의 항은 구면조화함수를 적분함으로써 구하였다. 균형장은 여섯 개의 동서파수 성분으로 표현됨이 드러났다. 본 연구에서 구한 균형장은 적도에 대하여 비대칭의 구조를 가지기 때문에, 대칭의 구조만을 가지는 것에 비하여 미분방정식의 수치해의 검종법으로서의 활용도가 높다. 일정한 각속도를 갖는 배경 동서풍이 지구의 자전각속도와 같거나 1/2에 해당하는 경우에는, 일부 동서파수 성분이 제거되는 것으로 나타났다. 이론적으로 구한 균형장은 정교한 수치모델을 통하여 구한 균형장과 거의 정확하게 같은 것으로 밝혀져, 이론적 해의 타당성이 입증되었다. 마지막으로, 로스비하우어비츠 파동의 섹터모드와 균형을 이루는 지위고도장의 안정성을 장기간시간적분을 통하여 살펴보았다.

유한요소법을 이용한 하수슬러지 소각재의 인공경량골재 제조시 압출성형해석 (The Numerical Analysis of Extrusion Forming on the Manufactured Artificial Lightweight Aggregate Made of Incinerated Sewage Sludge Ash by a Finite Element Method)

  • 정병길;배진우;성낙창
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제16권10호
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    • pp.1169-1177
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    • 2007
  • The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of process variables which were forming ability, flow displacement, effective stress, effective strain, fluid vector and products defects on manufactured artificial lightweight aggregate made of both incinerated sewage sludge ash and clay by means of the numerical analysis of a rigid-plastic finite element method. CATIA (3D CAD program) was used for an extrusion metal mold design that was widely used in designing aircraft, automobile and metallic molds. A metal forming analysis program (ATES Co.) had a function of a rigid-plastic finite element method was used to analyze the program. The result of extrusion forming analysis indicated clearly that a shape retention of the manufactured artificial light-weight aggregate could be maintained by increasing the extrusion ratio (increasing compressive strength inside of extrusion die) and decreasing the die angle. The stress concentration of metal mold was increased by increasing an extrusion ratio, and it was higher in a junction of punch and materials, friction parts between a bottom of the punch and inside of a container, a place of die angle and a place of die of metal mold. Therefore, a heat treatment as well as a rounding treatment for stress distribution in the higher stress concentration regions were necessary to extend a lifetime of the metallic mold. A deformity of the products could have made from several factors which were a surface crack, a lack of the shape retention and a crack of inside of the products. Specially, the surface crack in the products was the most notably affected by the extrusion ratio.

산재근로자 직장복귀를 위한 사업장내 보건관리자 활용방안 (The Application of the Health Manager to Return-to-work of Workers Injured by Industrial Accidents)

  • 윤순녕;이현주;윤주영
    • 한국직업건강간호학회지
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    • 제14권1호
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    • pp.16-23
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    • 2005
  • Purpose: The Purpose of the study was to suggest how the health manager use to be easy return-to-work of injured workers. Method: The data were collected by the health managers working at the 103 companies over medium size in Incheon, Gyoung-gi and Seoul through interview and report by themselves and analyzed by SAS V8 through t-test. Result: 1. The health managers are consisted of 2 kinds, one is health manager such as physician(10%) or nurse(81%) and the other is safety manager. The former works at the manufacturing company(62.9%), the latter at the service one(42.4%). 2. Management and counseling of occupational and non-occupational diseases, and high risk workers, health education, emergency care, worksite rounding, guidance of personal protector use, and health promotion services were highly performed by health managers. Comparing to these, safety managers performed guidance of job safety, safety management. The difference of two kinds of manager was significant statistically not only the aspect of general job but also related job to the workers of return-to-work after accident. Conclusion: This result shows that health manager can function as a care manager to the workers after return-to-work for adaptation to their job and rehabilitation bio-psycho-socially. But health managers don't have any regulations of encouraging injured workers to get their job again officially.

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PV 시스템의 최적 배치 문제를 위한 이산 PSO에서의 규칙 기반 하이브리드 이산화 (Rule-based Hybrid Discretization of Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal PV System Allocation)

  • 송화창;고재환;최병욱
    • 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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    • 제21권6호
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    • pp.792-797
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    • 2011
  • 본 논문은 배전망에서의 PV (photovoltaic) 발전 시스템의 최적 배치 문제를 이산 입자 군집 최적화 (DPSO, discrete particle swarm optimization)를 이용하여 해를 구할 때 DPSO에 포함되어야 하는 이산화 단계를 위한 하이브리드 이산화 기법의 적용에 대하여 논한다. 이를 위해 PSO 반복단계에서 목적 함수 값과 최적화 속도를 입력 파라미터로 하는 규칙 기반 전문가 시스템을 제안하고 이산 변수를 포함하여 표현되는 PV 시스템 배치 문제의 최적해를 구하는데 적용하였다. 다수준 이산화를 위하여 간단한 라운딩과 sigmoid 함수를 이용한 3단계 및 5단계 이산화 기법을 하이브리드 형태로 적용하였다. 규칙 기반 전문가 시스템을 적용하여 각 PSO 과정에서 적절한 이산화 기법을 선택함으로써 기존의 DPSO보다 좋은 성능의 최적화가 가능하도록 하였다.

테다소나무 조림지(造林地)에 대한 Weibull 직경분포(直經分布) 수확예측(收穫豫測) 시스템에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Weibull Diameter Distribution Yield Prediction System for Loblolly Pine Plantations)

  • 이영진;홍성천
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제90권2호
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    • pp.176-183
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    • 2001
  • 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 목재(木材)의 다목적(多目的) 생산량(生産量)(multiple-product yield) 예측(豫測)에 대한 해결책(解決策)으로서 테다소나무(Pinus taeda L.) 조림지(造林地)를 대상으로 하여 Weibull 직경분포(直徑分布) 수확예측(收穫豫測) 시스템을 개발(開發)하였다. 직경분포(直徑分布) 수확예측(收穫豫測) 모형(模型)을 개발(開發)하기 위하여, 4개의 백분위수(百分位數) 식(式)들을 근거(根據)로 한 모수(母數) 회복(回復)(parameter recovery) 절차법(節次法)을 적용(適用)하였다. 또한 직경급(直徑級)에 대한 수확량(收穫量) 계산(計算)을 위하여 단목(單木) 수고(樹高) 예측식(豫測式)을 개발(開發)하였으며, 그리고 단목(單木) 재적(材積) 예측식(豫測式)을 이용(利用)함으로써 직경급(直徑級)에 대해 기대되는 재적량(材積量)을 계산(計算)할 수가 있다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 사용(使用)된 직경급(直徑級)에 대한 Weibull 누적함수(累積函數)의 상한선(上限線) 차이(差異) 방법(方法)이 기존(旣存)의 상한선(上限線)과 하한선(下限線)의 절차법(節次法)보다도 괄약오차(括約誤差)를 줄 일수 있는 보다 나은 절차법(節次法)이였다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제시(提示)된 Weibull 직경분포(直徑分布) 수적예측(收積豫測) 시스템에 대한 타당성(妥當性) 검정(檢定)의 한 방법(方法)으로서 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 결과(結果), 각(各) plot당 예측(豫測)된 직경분포(直徑分布)와 관측(觀測)된 직경(直徑) 분포급(分布級) 사이에서 통계적(統計的) 유의성(有意性)이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 직경분포(直徑分布) 수확예측(收穫豫測) 시스템은 다목적(多目的) 목재(木材) 생산량(生産量) 예측(豫測)과 임분(林分) 구조(構造) 모형(模型) 및 임분(林分)의 경영(經營)에 유용(有用)한 정보(情報)를 제공(提供)할 것이다.

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유전 알고리듬을 적용한 지능형 ATP 시스템 개발 (Development of Intelligent ATP System Using Genetic Algorithm)

  • 김태영
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제16권4호
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    • pp.131-145
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    • 2010
  • ERP, SCM 등과 같은 기업용 정보 시스템을 활용함에 있어, 고객의 문의에 따라 제품 판매 가능 유무와 가능일자를 계산하여 통보해 주는 지능형 ATP 시스템은 전산 정보를 활용하여 고객 만족도를 최대화할 수 있는 유용한 기능이라고 할 수 있다. 그렇지만 공급 사슬 환경에서 ATP 시스템을 적용하려고 할 경우, 고객이 문의해 온 Retailer에게 납품 가능한 모든 분배센터(Distribution Center)와 공장(Plant)의 미래 시점의 재고량 변화와 운송 능력 등을 모두 고려하여야 하므로 계산량이 방대한 NP-Complete 문제가 된다. 따라서 시스템 사용자가 빠른 시간 내에 해를 구하여 고객에게 결과를 알려 줄 수 있는 ATP 시스템의 개발은 공급 사슬 관리를 효과적으로 활용하기 위하여 반드시 필요한 일이라고 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 동적 생산 함수의 개념을 이용하여 비 정수 타임 랙을 고려하여 ATP 시스템을 모델링하고, 해당 수리 모형으로부터 효율적으로 해를 얻기 위하여 유전 알고리듬을 개발하였다. 비 정수 타임 랙을 활용한 ATP 시스템은 비 정수 타임 랙을 올림이나 내림을 통하여 정수화 시킨 후 모형 수립하는 기존의 방법보다 정교하게 현실을 반영할 수 있고, ATP 시스템을 위한 유전 알고리듬의 진화 시스템은 문제크기가 작은 것에서부터 큰 것까지 최적해에 매우 근사한 값을 매우 빠른 시간 내에 풀 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

영세사업장 보건관리 지원사업 실시 전후의 산업보건수준 비교 분석 (A Comparative Analysis of the Level of Occupational Health : Before and After the Subsidiary Program on Health Care Management of Small Scale Industries)

  • 정혜선
    • 한국직업건강간호학회지
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    • 제4권호
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    • pp.58-83
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    • 1995
  • The small scale industries which have less than 30 employees occupy 86.5% of total number of industries in Korea. And though they have higher accident rate and lower environmental condition than big industries, it has been not mandatory to appointing health care manager at factory. So, from 1993, government subsidizes to the health care management of small industries. The purpose of this study is to identify the real feature of health care status in small industries, and to evaluate the level of health care management, before and after the subsidiary program. 65 small plating industries which have been managed by the same health care management support institution in 1993 were selected for study. Of the 65 industries, 3 which have not taken both environmental evaluation and health screening in 1994, and 9 which have closed were excluded from study sample. And the remaining 53 were analyzed by using the results of environmental evaluation and health screening, reported to the Ministry of Labor, before and after the subsidiary program, the analysis was done by the comparison of the two year paired data of the same industry. Over-permissible-limit rate, health screening implementation rate, above grade C rate were calculated and compared. The status of health care management ; 1. Of the sample industries, 96.9% provide protective equipment and 80.0% set up ventilating system. Protective gloves (89.2%) and protective clothing (80.0%) are widely provided, but ear plugs (4.6%) are rarely provided. 21.5% of the protective equipment are well put on, and 40.4% of the ventilating systems function well. 2. In 1993, 35 industries, 53.8% of the sample, checked working environment twice. Over-permissible-limit rates of heavy metal (12.2%), suspended particle (11.1%), noise (5.5%) were high. To put on protective equipment and to set up local ventilating system were pointed out by the examiners. 3. General health screening was done at 63.1% of the sample industries and 35.3% of total workers were examined. Specific health screening was done at 93.8% of the sample industries and 75.4% of workers were examined. 15.5% of workers was provided to be above grade C and to have digestive system disease (43.3%), circulatory disease (18.9%), and hematopoietic disease (14.2%), etc. 4. In 1993, the subsidiary program of health care management was provided in forms of health education, health counseling, and rounding check of working field. And 61.5%, 83.0%, 55.4% of sample industries respectively received it. The average visit per industry was 1.8. Comparisons of the level of occupational health before and after the subsidiary program ; 1. Over-permissible-limit rates of hazardous factors of 1993 and that of 1994 were compared. The rates of suspended particle, noise, organic solvent of 1994 (37.5%, 13.4%, 24.2% respectively) were higher than that of 1993 (25.0%, 6.0%, 6.3% respectively). In the case of acid, there was no difference between the rate of 1993 and that of 1994. Only the rate of heavy metal decreased from 12.9% in 1993 to 3.0% in 1994. 2. General health screening was done at 38.7% of the sample industries in 1993 and at 44.6% in 1994. But the implementation rate of specific health screening decreased from 72.4% in 1993 to 64.6% in 1994. 3. The implementation rate of specific health screening was analyzed by some health factors. The rate of suspended particle increased from 61.8% in 1993 to 91.2% in 1994. But the rates of the others-noise, organic solvent, heavy metal, specific chemical substances-decreased. 4. Above grade C rate in health screening increased from 27.8% in 1993 to 35.5% in 1994. But that of endocrine disorders and pulmonary disease decreased.

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병원 간호행정 개선을 위한 연구 (A Study for Improvement of Nursing Service Administration)

  • 박정호
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.13-40
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    • 1972
  • Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.

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