• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1996.05a
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• pp.91-115
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• 1996

In the recent years, protected horticultural facilities have been modernized and glasshouses are also propagating in Korea, even most vegetables production are conducted in the traditional plastic houses covered with, for example, PVC film for just temperature keeping. It would limit the productivity and competitivity of the vegetable production industry without automatization and high quality year round production. A plant factory, aimed to produce vegetables in the limited areas, was initiated in Christensen farm, Denmark in 1957, and widely propagated in some developed countries. As it has the automatized system which enables to keep optimized environment conditions, it will be the best facility for high quality products as well as year round planned production. However, we have not even started the plant factory production. Since the plant factory is requiring lots of resources, besides plant cultivation technologies, such as environment control, automatic engineering and robotics, our approach to the development of plant factories should be minded on Practical Plant Factories considering our current farming practices and least capital needs rather than blindly employing the advanced technologies from developed countries. Thus, Korean plant factory development can be initiated with year round leaf vegetables production in NFT or DFT cultivation system instead of the moval bed system, in which aerial environment factors such as light, temperature, humidity and CO$_2$ concentration and root environment ones such as solution concentration, temperature, pH and water soluble oxygen shall be automatically controlled. And the seeding, seedling and transplanting operations shall be accomplished in the house entrance, and the harvesting and grading opreations shall be conducted in the house exit. For practical plant factories, environment control technologies including artificial light source, illumination and air conditioning, automatic management for nutrient solution and automatic production line of moval bed system, transplanting and harvest should be developed along with researches on the cost reduction of factory building construction.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.225-232
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• 1998

In order to monitor the degree of heavy metal distribution in upland cultivations in Korea, both the cultivated soils and crops were collected from the 854 and 140 sites, respectively. The contents of cadmium (Cd), copper(Cu), lead(Pb), and zinc(Zn) in each sample were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP) technique after 1N-HCl extraction. The content of Arsenic(As) was also measured with the same technique after 1N-HCl extraction. The average contents of heavy metal in surface soils(0~15 cm depth) were $0.135mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cd, $2.77mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cu, $3.47mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Pb, $10.7mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Zn, and $0.57mg\;kg^{-1}$ for As. Heavy metal contents of soil were similar to those values measured for upland soils in 1989, lower than soils under plastic film house in 1996. However, these contents were lower than "Countermeasure values for soil contamination"(Cd: 4, Cu: 125, Pb: 300, and As: $15mg\;kg^{-1}$ in soil) describled in Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea(1996). The contents of heavy metal in fresh vegetable, and root and tuber crops ranged $0.005{\sim}0.019mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cd, $0.20{\sim}1.03mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Cu, $0.042{\sim}0.104mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Pb, and $2.0{\sim}4.0mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Zn, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-257
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• 2017

Agastache rugosa, is a perennial medicinal plant commonly used in Chinese herbalism, and may have anti-atherogenic and antibacterial properties. Here in this study, we investigated the growth and variations in antioxidant contents of A. rugosa in response to nutrient solution and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) with artificial lighting for a hydroponics culture. Fluorescent light at 150, and $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD with a 16/8 (light/dark) photoperiod, combined with four different nutrient solutions [developed by Horticulture experiment station in Japan (HES), University of Seoul (UOS), Europe vegetable research center (EVR), Otsuka-house 1A (OTS)], were used in a hydroponics culture system for 6 weeks. The shoot and root dry weights of A. rugosa grown with the OTS were significantly higher than those of other nutrient solutions. The amount of tilianin was the highest grown with the OTS, followed by EVR, HES, and UOS. Total acacetin content was the highest in A. rugosa grown under EVR which was statistically similar with OTS. The A. rugosa grown under $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD produced higher fresh weight and both acacetin and tilianin contents than that grown under $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD. The present results suggested that OTS along with $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ PPFD could be an optimum growing condition for better growth and higher accumulation of tilianin and acacetin contents in A. rugosa with hydroponic culture systems in a plant factory.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.453-465
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• 2018

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a species of the Brassicaceae family and an important root vegetable crop, produced worldwide. A total of 82 radish accessions with various morphological and physiological characteristics analyzed for total sugars content. These accessions includes five subspecies and classified as wild, wild-relative, traditional and improved cultivar. The four sugars, glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose, showed various contents in 82 accessions. Total sugar content ranged from 5.64 to 46.68 mg/g and showed average 25.33 mg/g. Total sugar content was not statistically significant among the five subspecies, but individual sugar ratio varied. The wild, wild-relatives and traditional cultivars were not significantly among average total sugars content compared with improved cultivars. On the other hand, the wild and traditional cultivars were showed high ratio of individual sugars. These results could be valuable information for the development of new radish cultivars and regulation of sugars biosynthesis in radish.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.231-238
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• 2005

Nitrate contents of lettuce and chinese cabbage which aye consumed mostly in vegetables in Korea were $403\~6,935$ (mean 3,088), $31\~5,391$ (mean 2,412), and $310\~6,374$ (mean 3,017) mg/kg, respectively. Nitrate contents of root vegetables and fruit vegetables were lower than those of leaf vegetables. There was no different of nitrate content in vegetables by area, but the nitrate contents of summer vegetables were higher than those of winter vegetables. Nitrate contents of Danmugi, Kimchi, and Young radish Kimchi were 346, 1,411, and 3,240 mg/kg, respectively. Nitrate contents of juice of Danmugi, Kimchi, and younger radish Kimchi were 340,979, and 1,383 mg/kg, and there was no different of nitrate content by area.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.73-88
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the primary school students' and their mothers' vegetables preferences. Total of 360 students and their 360 mothers in Seoul and Gumi-si were participated in survey during July, 2011, and data of 253 students and their 253 mothers(70.3%) were analyzed by SPSS ver 12.0. The preference scores of mothers were higher than those of students in all kinds of vegetables examined, except bean sprout and laver. The preference scores of lower grader(2, 3 grade) were higher than higher graders(5, 6 grade), and those of female student were higher than male students. The preference accordance degree of students and their mothers were highest in seaweeds group, and lowest in root stalk vegetables. The onion, welsh onion, water dropwart, mustard kimchi were showed specially low student-mother preference accordance. Among the 50 vegetables investigated, all mother had chance to eat was 31 vegetables, and all students had chance to eat was 10 vegetables. The 3 kinds of seaweeds such as seastaghorn, ceylon moss and seaweed fusiforme were the foods that more than half of student had no experience to taste. Environmental variables, such as having the sibling, whether or not mother had job, the type of breakfast foods, and food and frequency of eating-out, all had no significant influences on vegetables preferences.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.668-675
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• 1998

These surveys were conducted to check the occurrence of disease in various horticultural crops in alpine areas, especially Daekwallyong areas, Pyongchang-Gun, and Hyeongseong-Gun in Kangwon province. TuMV on Chinese cabbage was one of the most serious diseases, especially in 1994 and 1997. The incidence of soft rot and clubroot has been increased gradually. Brittle root rot on Chinese cabbage was significantly decreased. Soft rot, gray mold, downy mildew, powdery mildew, bottom rot and Alternaria leaf spot were the common diseases on most vegetable crops. Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) on celery, cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora sp.) on melon, powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) on lettuce, and clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) on parsley are newly found in Korea. The most common and predominant diseases were viruses, especially CMV, TMV, TuMV, BBMV, and gray mold, wilts, and cercospora leaf spot on many flowers in alpine areas. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. eustomae causing wilting on lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), Turnip mosaic virus causing mosaic and color breaking on stock, Cercospora spp. causing cercospora leaf spot on various wild lily, Cladosporum echinulatum causing leaf spot on carnation, and phytoplasma causing witches' broom on statice (Limonium sinuatum) and blazing star (Liatris spp.) were newly found during these surveys in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.282-287
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: The current study was carried out to investigate Cd, Hg, Pb and As contaminations in 222 commercial medicinal plants and to estimate the potential health risk through dietary intake of commercial medicinal plants in Korea.METHODS AND RESULTS: The Cd, Hg, Pb, and As in medicinal plants were analyzed by ICP/MS and mercury analyzer.The potential health risk was estimated using risk assessment tools. Total amount of Cd in medicinal plants with 29% samples exceeded the standard limit legislated in 'Pharmaceutical Affairs Act' while all plant samples were lower than the standard limit value for As, Hg, and Pb. However, when applying the standard limit for root vegetable (fresh weight) in the Food Sanitation Act, four samples exceeded the standard limit of Pb. For health risk assessment, the values of cancer risk probability were 0.3~5.9×10^-7which were less than the acceptable cancer risk of 10^-6~10^-4for regulatory purpose. Also, Hazard quotientvalues were lower than 1.0.CONCLUSION: Therefore, these results demonstrated that human exposure to Cd, Hg, Pb, and As through dietary intake of commercial medicinal plants might notcause adverse health effects although some medicinal plants were higher than the standard limit values for Cd and Pb.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 1984

To get information on the behavior of phorate in vegetables under the subtropical conditions, phorate granule (10%) was applied to silt loam soil at the rate of 40㎏ a.i./ha and incorporated to 10㎝ soil depth just befere sowing. Insecticide residues in vegetables were determined with GLC and confirmed qualitatively with TLC. Phorate and its metabolites were absorbed by the radish and carrot roots and rapidly translocated into foliages. The compounds detected in vegetables were phorate, phorate sulfoxide, and phorate sulfone. Residue levels of compounds in radishes were higher in foliages than in roots and much more residues were present in leaf lamina than in midribs. The concentration of the total residues in vegetable roots was rapidly decreased with the time, while the amount of total residues in radish roots was increased with the time. Therefore, the rapid decline of residue levels in vegetables was mainly attributed to the dilution of insecticide residues by the rapid growth of these vegetables.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2015

This study was conducted to find out optimum cultivars, and growth temperature and stage in peanut sprout for resveratrol production. Morphological characteristic, days to 50% of the final germination percentage($T_{50}$) and early growth vigor were measured in 8 different peanut varieties. In result 'Jopyeong' appeared to be the most appropriate cultivar for peanut production because of its lower contamination rate, lesser lateral root formation, and thicker hypocotyl length. Optimum temperature for growing peanut sprouts was determined 27. Content of resveratrol was examined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) to investigate appropriate growth stage of peanut sprouts for resveratrol production. Resveratrol was higher than $17.0{\mu}g/g$ in peanuts sprouts 9 days after plating. Considering peanut sprout's shapes and content of resveratrol into account, it was most appropriate to harvest in 9-day after germination.